Muscles and Anatomy of the Foot

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the plantar aponeurosis?

To support the longitudinal arch of the foot (correct)

To extend the toes

To increase flexibility of the foot

To provide cushioning for the heel

Which of the following muscles are specifically identified as intrinsic muscles of the foot?

Soleus

Gastrocnemius

Tibialis anterior

Lumbricals (correct)

How many bones compose the human foot?

26 (correct)

What does the plantar aponeurosis attach to?

Calcaneal tuberosity Signup and view all the answers

Which joints allow for flexion and extension of individual phalanges in the foot?

Interphalangeal joints Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the thick fibrous digital bands of the plantar aponeurosis?

To separate the toes for better movement Signup and view all the answers

Which group of muscles is responsible for adduction and abduction of the toes?

Dorsal interossei Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plantar aponeurosis?

Attaching to the metatarsal bones Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT found in the first layer of the sole?

Flexor Digitorum Accessorius Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve primarily supplies the Flexor Digitorum Brevis?

Medial plantar nerve Signup and view all the answers

How many muscles are present in the third layer of the sole?

3 Signup and view all the answers

Which tendon is associated with the second layer of the sole?

Tendon of Flexor Hallucis Longus Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is specifically associated with the first lumbrical in terms of nerve supply?

Flexor Digitorum Brevis Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of interossei muscles located in the fourth layer of the sole?

3 plantar, 4 dorsal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles are supplied by the lateral plantar nerve?

Adductor Hallucis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Flexor Digitorum Accessorius muscle?

To assist in flexing the toes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the Extensor Digitorum Brevis muscle?

Extension of the metatarsophalangeal joints of the medial 4 toes Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of abductors for the Hallux?

1 Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the Extensor Digitorum Brevis?

Deep peroneal nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the Dorsal Interossei?

There are four of them. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the tendons of the Extensor Digitorum Brevis is true?

The three lateral tendons join the long extensor tendons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary nerve supply to the Dorsal Interossei?

Lateral plantar nerve Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the Dorsal Interossei from the Plantar Interossei muscles?

Dorsal Interossei facilitate abduction while Plantar facilitate adduction. Signup and view all the answers

Which toes are involved in the extension at the interphalangeal joints as facilitated by the Extensor Digitorum Brevis?

2nd, 3rd and 4th toes Signup and view all the answers

The Plantar Interossei are arranged how?

1st, 2nd, 3rd from medial to lateral Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the muscles found in the 1st layer of the sole?

They are involved in flexing the metatarsophalangeal joints. Signup and view all the answers

How many adductors are present for the Digiti minimi?

1 Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is the largest in the dorsum of the foot?

Extensor Digitorum Brevis Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group abducts the middle three toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints?

Dorsal Interossei Signup and view all the answers

What is the insertion point for the 1st and 2nd Dorsal Interossei?

Medial and lateral sides of the 2nd toe Signup and view all the answers

Which of these structures is not part of the extensor expansion formed by the Extensor Digitorum Brevis?

Tendons for the little toe Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the foot contains the Dorsal Interossei muscles?

4th layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of plantar fasciitis?

Inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recognized risk factor for developing plantar fasciitis?

Long periods of inactivity Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic tool is commonly used to identify thickening of the plantar fascia in suspected plantar fasciitis?

Ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

The pain associated with plantar fasciitis typically worsens after which of the following activities?

Prolonged weight-bearing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is most likely to present with pain in the heel and sole of the foot?

Plantar fasciitis Signup and view all the answers

What might an X-ray reveal in a patient diagnosed with plantar fasciitis?

Bony outgrowth from the calcaneal tuberosity Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would you most likely suspect tarsal tunnel syndrome instead of plantar fasciitis?

Patient has numbness in the toes Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure is primarily inflamed in plantar fasciitis?

Plantar aponeurosis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plantar Aponeurosis

Thickening of deep fascia in the sole of the foot.
Attached to calcaneal tuberosity.
Extends forward as 5 thick fibrous digital bands, one for each toe.
Supports the longitudinal arch of the foot.
Protects deeper structures in the sole.

Muscles of Foot

Extrinsic Muscles: long tendons of muscles in the leg that cross the ankle joint.
Intrinsic Muscles: located within the foot, arranged in 4 layers from superficial to deep.

Layers of the Sole

1st layer: Abductor Hallucis, Abductor Digiti minimi, Flexor Digitorum Brevis.
2nd layer: Flexor Digitorum Accessorius, Lumbrical muscles, Tendon of Flexor Digitorum Longus, Tendon of Flexor Hallucis Longus.
3rd layer: Adductor Hallucis, Flexor Hallucis Brevis, Flexor Digiti minimi.
4th layer: Planter interossei, Dorsal interossei, Tendon of Peroneus longus, Tendon of Tibialis posterior.

Nerve Supply

All muscles of the sole are supplied by lateral plantar nerve except: Abductor hallucis, Flexor hallucis brevis, Flexor digitorum brevis and the first lumbrical, which are supplied by the medial plantar nerve.

Extensor Digitorum Brevis

Largest muscle in the dorsum of the foot.
Crossed by the tendons of the anterior compartment of the leg.
Inserts into the base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe and into the extensor expansion of the 2nd to 4th toes.
Supplied by the deep peroneal nerve.
Extends the metatarsophalangeal joints of the medial 4 toes and the interphalangeal joints of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th toes.

Interossei & Lumbrical Muscles

Dorsal Interossei: 4 muscles on the dorsum of the foot, abduct the middle 3 toes.
Plantar Interossei: 3 muscles on the plantar surface of the foot, adduct the toes.

Clinical Correlation: Plantar Fasciitis

Inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis.
Etiology unknown but risk factors include: foot deformities, training errors, obesity.
Clinical features include pain in the heel and sole of the foot, worse after inactivity or prolonged weight-bearing.
Ultrasound and X-ray can be used for diagnostics.

Case Scenario: Plantar Fasciitis

A 34-year-old male runner with pain in the foot for the past week.
Physical examination reveals inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis.
The most likely diagnosis is Plantar fasciitis.

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Description

This quiz covers the anatomy of the plantar aponeurosis, the muscle groups in the foot, and their layers. It details the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles, along with the nerve supply for these muscles. Test your knowledge on the structure and function of the foot's anatomy.