Questions and Answers
Define the term: Muscle tissue is excitable.
The muscle cell membrane can depolarize and repolarize creating action potential (AP).
Define the term: Muscle tissue is extensible.
It can be stretched.
Define the term: Muscle tissue is elastic.
It will return to resting length after being stretched.
Define the term: Muscle tissue is contractile.
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What is the location, function, and composition of the epimysium?
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What is the location, function, and composition of the perimysium?
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What is the location, function, and composition of the endomysium?
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What is a fascicle?
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What is the composition and function of a tendon?
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What is an aponeurosis?
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Describe the relationship between a tendon and the -mysiums of that muscle.
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Describe the relationship between an aponeurosis and the -mysiums of the muscle.
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What is the sarcolemma and its function?
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What is sarcoplasm?
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What are T-tubules?
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What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
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What are the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
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What is a triad in the muscle?
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What are myofibrils?
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What is the role of mitochondria in muscle cells?
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What is myoglobin?
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What is glycogen in muscle cells?
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What are myofilaments?
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Explain the relationship between the sarcolemma and T-tubules.
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What is the function of tropomyosin?
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What is the location and function of troponin?
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What is G-actin?
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What is F-actin?
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Study Notes
Muscle Tissue Characteristics
- Muscle tissue is excitability, meaning its cell membrane can undergo depolarization and repolarization to generate action potentials.
- Muscle tissue is extensibility, allowing it to be stretched without damage.
- Muscle tissue is elastic, enabling it to return to its resting length after being stretched.
- Muscle tissue is contractile, which allows it to shorten and exert force on attachments.
Muscle Connective Tissue
- Epimysium: Tough, dense irregular connective tissue surrounding an entire muscle; maintains shape during contraction.
- Perimysium: Dense irregular connective tissue wrapping around fascicles (bundles) of muscle cells.
- Endomysium: Areolar connective tissue enclosing individual muscle cells.
Muscle Structure
- Fascicle: A bundle of 8-15 muscle fibers organized together.
- Tendon: Composed of dense regular connective tissue; it connects muscles to bones.
- Aponeurosis: A strong sheet of connective tissue serving as a tendon to attach flat muscles to bones.
Tendon and Aponeurosis Relationship to Mysiums
- Tendons derive from epimysium and perimysium; they transition from dense irregular to dense regular connective tissue for strong attachment to bone.
- Aponeurosis flattens out to anchor flat muscles; instead of a tubular shape, it appears like a sheet.
Key Muscle Cell Components
- Sarcolemma: The muscle cell membrane, composed of a phospholipid bilayer, acting as a barrier.
- Sarcoplasm: The cytoplasm found within muscle cells.
- T-tubules: Infoldings of the sarcolemma that conduct impulses into the cell, specifically to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum: An organelle forming a web around myofibrils; it stores calcium ions vital for muscle contraction.
- Terminal cisternae: Calcium ion reservoirs located within skeletal muscle cells.
Muscle Cell Functional Units
- Triad: Consists of one T-tubule and two terminal cisternae, forming a functional unit for muscle contraction.
- Myofibrils: Organelles comprising muscle fibers; responsible for the muscle's shortening actions.
- Mitochondria: Generate ATP required for myofibril contraction; essential for muscle energy.
- Myoglobin: Oxygen-binding proteins that supply oxygen for mitochondrial processes.
- Glycogen: Stored glucose in muscle cells, providing energy during contraction.
Muscle Filaments
- Myofilaments: Composed of contractile proteins, actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament).
- Tropomyosin: Protein that wraps around actin, blocking its active sites, thereby preventing contraction when muscle is relaxed.
- Troponin: Located on tropomyosin; when calcium binds to it, it moves tropomyosin away from actin's active sites, allowing contraction.
- G-actin: Globular actin proteins that polymerize to form filamentous actin (F-actin).
- F-actin: Two intertwined chains of G-actin; has active sites for myosin binding during muscle contraction.
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Description
Test your knowledge on muscle physiology with these flashcards. Each card defines key terms related to muscle tissue, such as excitability, extensibility, and elasticity. Ideal for students of biology and related health sciences.