Muscle Physiology and Bone Development Quiz

The process of bone formation that occurs directly within a fibrous connective tissue membrane. It forms flat bones like the skull and clavicle.

Bone formation using a hyaline cartilage template that is eventually replaced by bone tissue. It forms most bones of the body.

The process of bone elongation that occurs mainly at the epiphyseal plate (growth plate). This growth primarily stops in early adulthood.

The process of bone thickening or widening. It occurs throughout life and is related to the deposition of new bone layers on the existing surface.

Bone-forming cells that synthesize and secrete the organic matrix of bone, which then becomes mineralized.

Mature bone cells that reside within lacunae in the bone matrix. They maintain bone tissue and contribute to bone density.

A principle stating that bone adapts its structure and density in response to the mechanical stress it experiences. Therefore, increased stress leads to stronger bones, while decreased stress can weaken them.

A single layer of thin, flat, plate-like cells that allows rapid diffusion or selective transport, may secrete lubricating substances.

A single layer of cube-shaped cells, involved in balanced absorption and secretion.

A single layer of tall, narrow cells specialized in bulk absorption and secretion, often contains microvilli and goblet cells.

A single layer of cells that appears multi-layered due to varying cell heights, with cilia on the apical surface and goblet cells.

Multiple layers of flattened cells with dead, keratin-filled cells on the surface, providing abrasion protection.

Multiple layers of flat cells, but no dead, keratinized surface cells, providing mild abrasion resistance.

A stretchy epithelium with cells of varying shapes and sizes, enabling distension and recoiling, found in the urinary system.

Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of ground substance, found beneath most epithelial layers.

Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers, providing high tensile strength, found in tendons and ligaments.

The combined effect of multiple simultaneous postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) from different synapses, converging on a single neuron. This adds up to reach the threshold for an action potential.

The combined effect of multiple postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) from the same synapse, occurring in rapid succession. This adds up to reach the threshold for an action potential.

A local and graded change in membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron, caused by the release of neurotransmitters from a presynaptic neuron. PSPs can be excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP).

A postsynaptic potential that increases the likelihood of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic neuron. It usually involves depolarization of the membrane.

A postsynaptic potential that decreases the likelihood of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic neuron. It usually involves hyperpolarization of the membrane.

A process where a facilitating interneuron enhances neurotransmitter release from a presynaptic neuron. It increases synaptic transmission.

A process where an inhibitory interneuron suppresses neurotransmitter release from a presynaptic neuron. It reduces or halts synaptic transmission.

A neural circuit where multiple presynaptic neurons converge onto a single postsynaptic neuron. This allows for integration of information from multiple sources.

A neural circuit where a single presynaptic neuron branches out to synapse with multiple postsynaptic neurons. This allows for information to be distributed widely.

A disease where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks joint tissues, leading to inflammation and pain. This is a type of autoimmune disease.

A state of sustained muscle contraction where there is partial relaxation between stimuli resulting in a series of incomplete twitches. This occurs when the stimulus frequency is high enough to prevent full relaxation but not high enough for complete fusion.

A state of sustained muscle contraction where there is no relaxation between stimuli, resulting in a smooth, continuous contraction. This occurs when the stimulus frequency is so high that the muscle fiber does not have time to relax between stimuli.

The sarcolemma of a resting muscle fiber is most permeable to potassium ions (K+).

A type of muscle contraction where the muscle length remains constant while tension increases but no movement occurs. The force generated by the muscle is equal to the load imposed on it.

The wasting away or shrinking of muscle tissue due to a loss of nerve supply. This occurs when nerve connections to the muscle are severed or poisoned.

A common type of arthritis characterized by the degeneration of cartilage in joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and bone spurs. It often develops with age and wear and tear.

The stiffening of muscles and joints after death, typically occurring within a few hours. This happens due to the depletion of ATP, causing muscle fibers to lock.

Inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms.

An autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks its own joint tissues. This leads to inflammation, pain, stiffness, and joint damage.

A cluster of neuron cell bodies located outside the central nervous system (CNS). It serves as a relay point for nerve signals.

A bundle of nerve fibers (axons) that transmit signals between the CNS and the rest of the body. It's wrapped in connective tissue for protection.

A cluster of neuron cell bodies within the central nervous system (CNS). It acts as a processing center for specific functions.

A bundle of axons within the CNS. It acts as a pathway for transmitting nerve impulses.

A type of synovial joint that allows movement in one plane, like a door hinge. Examples include the elbow and knee joints.

A type of synovial joint that allows for both flexion/extension and some lateral movement. Examples include the metacarpophalangeal joints.