Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characteristic of muscle tissue allows it to respond to a stimulus?
What characteristic of muscle tissue allows it to respond to a stimulus?
Which type of muscle is primarily responsible for moving bones and is under conscious control?
Which type of muscle is primarily responsible for moving bones and is under conscious control?
Which term describes the muscle that directly opposes the action of a prime mover?
Which term describes the muscle that directly opposes the action of a prime mover?
What is the main function of abdominal skeletal muscles?
What is the main function of abdominal skeletal muscles?
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What structure attaches skeletal muscles to bones through fibrous tissue bands?
What structure attaches skeletal muscles to bones through fibrous tissue bands?
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Which muscle plays a key role in respiration by increasing the size of the thoracic cavity?
Which muscle plays a key role in respiration by increasing the size of the thoracic cavity?
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What is the primary role of synergist muscles during movement?
What is the primary role of synergist muscles during movement?
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Which of these is NOT a function of skeletal muscles?
Which of these is NOT a function of skeletal muscles?
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The linea alba is clinically relevant due to which of the following advantages?
The linea alba is clinically relevant due to which of the following advantages?
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What is the primary characteristic of cardiac muscle?
What is the primary characteristic of cardiac muscle?
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What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
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How does the structure of sympathetic preganglionic neurons differ from that of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons?
How does the structure of sympathetic preganglionic neurons differ from that of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons?
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What is a characteristic of the stretch reflex?
What is a characteristic of the stretch reflex?
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Which of the following statements about the reflex arc is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about the reflex arc is incorrect?
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Which type of reflex is characterized by crossing to the opposite side of the spinal cord?
Which type of reflex is characterized by crossing to the opposite side of the spinal cord?
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What effect do sympathetic responses have on the body?
What effect do sympathetic responses have on the body?
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In the context of CNS mediation, what is the consequence of spinal cord injury on reflexes?
In the context of CNS mediation, what is the consequence of spinal cord injury on reflexes?
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What type of receptors does norepinephrine primarily influence in the sympathetic nervous system?
What type of receptors does norepinephrine primarily influence in the sympathetic nervous system?
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What is the main role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the main role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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What is the primary role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells?
What is the primary role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells?
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What are the two primary protein filaments responsible for muscle contraction?
What are the two primary protein filaments responsible for muscle contraction?
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What term describes a single contraction of a muscle fiber?
What term describes a single contraction of a muscle fiber?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the neuromuscular junction?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the neuromuscular junction?
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In the context of muscle fibers, what does the 'all or nothing principle' refer to?
In the context of muscle fibers, what does the 'all or nothing principle' refer to?
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What is a characteristic of cardiac muscle?
What is a characteristic of cardiac muscle?
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Which type of muscle is primarily responsible for involuntary movements such as the contraction of internal organs?
Which type of muscle is primarily responsible for involuntary movements such as the contraction of internal organs?
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What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?
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What is produced during anaerobic metabolism when oxygen supply is inadequate?
What is produced during anaerobic metabolism when oxygen supply is inadequate?
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The gap between two adjacent neurons is known as what?
The gap between two adjacent neurons is known as what?
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Which part of the nervous system is responsible for conscious control of skeletal muscles?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for conscious control of skeletal muscles?
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Which component of the brain is responsible for balance and coordinated movement?
Which component of the brain is responsible for balance and coordinated movement?
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What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft?
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft?
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What feature distinguishes myelinated axons from unmyelinated axons?
What feature distinguishes myelinated axons from unmyelinated axons?
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Study Notes
Muscle Overview
- Muscles are one of the four basic tissues in the body
- Characteristics include: excitability (responding to nerve impulses), contractility (shortening in length), extensibility (stretching), and elasticity (returning to original shape)
- Three primary functions: providing motion, maintaining posture, and generating heat
- Skeletal muscles: controlled by the conscious mind, move bones of the skeleton, are voluntary and striated muscles, with a well-defined sheath (epimysium)
- Tendons: fibrous tissue bands connecting muscles to bones
- Aponeurosis: broad sheets of fibrous tissue connecting muscles
- Origin: more stable site of a muscle that does not move during contraction
- Insertion: site of a muscle that moves the most during contraction
- Agonist: prime mover, directly produces the desired movement
- Antagonist: directly opposes the agonist's action
- Synergist: contracts simultaneously with the agonist to assist its action
- Fixator: stabilizes joints to allow other movements
- Cardiac muscle: found only in the heart; involuntary
- Smooth muscle: carries out internal body movements; found throughout the body; involuntary
Muscle Naming Conventions
- Action: e.g., superficial digital flexion
- Shape: e.g., deltoid
- Location: e.g., biceps brachii
- Direction of fibers: e.g., rectus abdominis
Skeletal Muscle
- Number of heads: Some muscles, like biceps brachii, have multiple heads
- Attachment sites: Muscles attach to bones
- Cutaneous muscles: thin, superficial muscles, often under the skin
Abdominal Skeletal Muscles
- Functions: support abdominal organs, aid in back flexion, and participate in various processes like defecation, urination, parturition, vomiting, and respiration
- Help maintain posture
- Also involved in breathing
- Layers: External and internal abdominal oblique muscles, rectus abdominis muscle, transverse abdominis muscle
Thoracic Limbs Muscles
- Functions: locomotion
- Superficial muscles of the brachium (upper arm) include: adductors, latissimus dorsi, pectorals, abductors, and deltoid
- Brachial muscles: flexor and extensor muscles
- Carpal and digital muscles
Pelvic Limbs Muscles
- Function: locomotion and support
- Groups of muscles for thighs: Gluteal muscles, hamstrings, etc.
- Stifle joint muscles
- Tarsus and digital extensor muscles, such as extensor gastrocnemius and achilles tendon
Muscles of Respiration
- Functions to increase and decrease the size of the thorax cavity
- Examples: diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
Skeletal Muscle Cell (Fiber)
- Very large and thin
- Multinucleated (many nuclei)
Myofibril
- Fiber-like structures within the cytoplasm of the muscle cell
- Responsible for the contraction
- Made of filaments (actin and myosin)
Sarcomere
- Contractile units within a myofibril
- Composed of thick and thin filaments
Neuromuscular Junctions
- Where motor nerve fibers connect to muscle fibers
- Synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine onto sarcolemma
Muscle Contraction
- Requires ATP
- Includes depolarization and repolarization
- Includes several phases of contractions and relaxation
Muscle Metabolism
- Aerobic metabolism: adequate oxygen supply for energy needs; glucose is the primary source
- Anaerobic metabolism (no oxygen): glucose is broken down; lactic acid production
Clinical Relevance
- Muscle problems, such as hypocalcemia, can lead to severe pain, tremors, and even death.
- Muscle injuries can affect the ability of the body to execute daily functions.
- Muscle function is important to maintenance of daily functions in an animal.
Nervous System Part 1
- Nervous system structure: central nervous system (CNS), composed of brain and spinal cord; and peripheral Nerves
- The nervous system uses neurotransmitters through synapses to allow communication between cells for coordinated body response
- Parts of the nervous system include : sensory, integrating, and motor functions
- Neurons (nerve cells) conduct electrical signals (impulses)
Nervous System Part 2
- Saltatory conduction: rapid transmission of action potentials across myelinated nerves; a form of transmission where electrical signals do not travel the entire length of the axon at the same time, but instead jump between spaces along the axon called nodes of Ravier.
- Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters: influence the postsynaptic cell either toward or away to their threshold
Cranial Nerves
- List of Cranial nerves with names/function
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves
- Numbered I through XII
- Sensory, motor, or mixed function
Autonomic Nervous System
- Responsible for automatic bodily functions
- Consist of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous Systems
- Sympathetic: "fight-or-flight" response (e.g., increased heart rate)
- Parasympathetic: "rest-and-digest" response (e.g., slowing heart rate)
Muscle Contraction Mechanisms
- Depolarization and repolarization: rapid changes in electrical charge across the cell membrane that form an nerve impulse; necessary for contraction
- Action potentials: rapid changes in electrical charge that spread along the nerve fiber
- Neurotransmitters: chemicals that transmit signals from one neuron to another, (or muscle cell)
- Reflex arcs: simple pathways that allow for rapid responses to stimuli
- Also called reflexes; for instance, the stretch reflex and withdrawal reflex
Brain Structures
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
Feline Cerebellar Hypoplasia
- Cause: Feline panleukopenia in utero, malnutrition, severe trauma, or inflammation
- Symptoms: Hypermetria, intention tremors
- Diagnosis: often determined by clinical observation
- Treatment: No specific treatment, mainly supportive care
Diencephalon
- Passageway between brainstem and cerebrum
Brain Stem
- Connection between the spinal cord and rest of the brain
- Responsible for vital functions
Meninges
- Protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Fluid between the layers of meninges
Blood-Brain Barrier
- Structure that separates brain capillaries from nervous tissue
- Protects brain cells from harmful substances
Spinal Cord
- Continues from brainstem, involved in transmitting impulses
- Components: medulla, cortex, and dorsal/ventral nerve roots
- Grey matter contains neuron cell bodies
- White matter contains nerve fibers
Cranial Nerves
- Afferent and efferent (motor)nerve fibers are apart of the cranial nerve system, and their functions
- 12 Pairs of sensory/motor/mixed cranial nerves
Reflexes
- Rapid, autonomic response
- Types: Stretch, withdrawal, crossed extensor reflexes
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Description
Test your understanding of muscle tissue characteristics and functions in this engaging quiz. Explore concepts such as muscle types, action roles, and the anatomy of muscle attachments. Perfect for anyone studying human anatomy and physiology.
