Muscle Contraction and Bone Health Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What occurs during the power stroke of muscle contraction?

Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The myosin head releases ADP and phosphate.

The myosin head pulls the thin filament along. (correct)

ATP binds to myosin, causing it to detach from actin.

What initiates the release of the myosin head from actin?

The breakdown of acetylcholine.

Hydrolysis of ATP.

Calcium reabsorption by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The binding of a new ATP molecule. (correct)

Which step follows the hydrolysis of ATP during contraction?

The myosin head moves to a high-energy extended position. (correct)

Activation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The myosin head binds to actin.

The myosin head moves to a low-energy position.

What happens during muscle relaxation?

Acetylcholine is broken down, stopping stimulation. Signup and view all the answers

Why is ATP important in muscle contraction and relaxation?

It provides energy for reabsorption of calcium. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage of anaerobic fermentation in muscle metabolism?

It does not use oxygen and has a low ATP yield. Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP are produced per glucose molecule during aerobic respiration?

30 ATP Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the shift from aerobic respiration to anaerobic fermentation during intense exercise?

Depletion of oxygen supply. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as affecting endurance?

Muscle fiber type Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the phosphagen system in muscle metabolism?

It provides ATP for short bursts of intense activity. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the skeletal system primarily protects vital organs?

Bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoblasts?

Bone formation Signup and view all the answers

How do osteocytes maintain bone density?

By orchestrating bone remodeling Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone tissue has a solid matrix?

Compact bone Signup and view all the answers

Where is red bone marrow primarily formed?

In spongy bone Signup and view all the answers

What role do osteoclasts play in bone health?

Bone resorption Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes spongy bone?

It consists of a lattice of rods and plates. Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the bone matrix?

A mixture of organic and inorganic components Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about osteogenic cells is true?

They can divide and create new bone cells. Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature characterizes the structure of compact bone?

It contains osteons with concentric layers. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of slow twitch muscle fibers?

Well adapted for aerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the difference between fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fibers?

Fast twitch fibers are adapted for anaerobic respiration; slow twitch are not. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary effect of endurance (aerobic) exercise?

Enhances fatigue resistance Signup and view all the answers

What does the central nervous system (CNS) primarily consist of?

Brain and spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of resistance training?

Increases number of muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the somatic motor division within the motor division of the nervous system?

Carries signals to skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for preparing the body for action?

Sympathetic division Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component that is NOT found in the neurosoma of a neuron?

Centrioles Signup and view all the answers

What type of information does the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system carry?

Signals from receptors to the central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is NOT mentioned as being contained within the neurosoma?

Nucleolus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Power Stroke

The myosin head binds to actin, forming a cross-bridge
The myosin head pivots, pulling the actin filament towards the center of the sarcomere, shortening the muscle fiber
This is driven by the energy released from ATP hydrolysis

Myosin Head Release

The binding of ATP to the myosin head causes it to detach from the actin filament

ATP Hydrolysis

Following ATP hydrolysis, the myosin head is energized and returns to its cocked position, ready to bind to actin again

Muscle Relaxation

Calcium ions are actively pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, reducing the calcium concentration in the sarcoplasm
This causes the troponin-tropomyosin complex to block the myosin-binding sites on actin, preventing further cross-bridge formation
The muscle fiber relaxes as the sarcomere lengthens

ATP Importance

Provides energy for the myosin head to detach from actin, allowing for the power stroke to occur
Provides energy for the active transport of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, essential for muscle relaxation

Anaerobic Fermentation Disadvantage

Produces lactic acid as a byproduct, which can accumulate in the muscles and cause fatigue and soreness

Aerobic Respiration ATP Production

36-38 ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule

Shift to Anaerobic Fermentation

Occurs when the demand for ATP exceeds the supply that can be generated through aerobic respiration
This typically happens during intense exercise when oxygen delivery to the muscles is limited

Endurance Factors

The text does not mention specific factors affecting endurance

Phosphagen System

Provides a short burst of energy for immediate muscle activity
Utilizes creatine phosphate to regenerate ATP quickly

Skeletal System Protection

The axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, provides protection for vital organs

Osteoblast Function

These cells synthesize and secrete the organic components of bone matrix, primarily collagen

Osteocyte Role

Embedded in the bone matrix, these cells maintain bone density by regulating bone remodeling

Solid Bone Matrix

Compact bone possesses a solid bone matrix, providing strength and support

Red Bone Marrow Formation

Primarily found in the spongy bone of flat bones and the ends of long bones

Osteoclast Function

Resorb bone tissue, breaking down bone matrix and releasing calcium into the bloodstream

Spongy Bone Characteristics

Contains a network of thin, bony plates called trabeculae
Has a porous structure and is lighter than compact bone

Bone Matrix Composition

Consists of inorganic components like calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite, providing hardness, and organic components like collagen fibers, providing flexibility

Osteogenic Cell Characteristic

These stem cells have the potential to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondroblasts, or other bone cells

Compact Bone Structure

Consists of tightly packed osteons, cylindrical units containing concentric lamellae and a central canal

Slow Twitch Muscle Fiber Characteristic

Primarily utilizes aerobic respiration for energy production

Fast Twitch vs Slow Twitch

Fast twitch muscle fibers contract quickly and have a higher power output, while slow twitch fibers contract slowly and have a lower power output

Endurance Exercise Effect

Increases the number of mitochondria in muscle fibers, improving aerobic capacity

CNS Composition

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

Resistance Training Characteristic

The text does not state which characteristic is not associated with resistance training

Somatic Motor Division Function

Controls the voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

Autonomic Nervous System Division for Action

The sympathetic division is responsible for preparing the body for "fight-or-flight" responses

Neurosoma Missing Component

The text does not mention any components missing from the neurosoma.

Sensory Division Information

Carries sensory information from the body to the central nervous system

Neurosoma Organelle Exclusion

The text does not specify any organelles that are not part of the neurosoma.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of muscle contraction and the various roles of bone cells in maintaining skeletal health. This quiz covers key concepts in physiology, including ATP's role, anaerobic fermentation, and bone tissue types. Perfect for students of biology and health sciences.