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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of skeletal muscles?
What is the primary function of skeletal muscles?
- Protection of internal organs
- Storing nutrients
- Production of blood cells
- Facilitating movement (correct)
Which characteristic allows muscle cells to respond to stimuli?
Which characteristic allows muscle cells to respond to stimuli?
- Elasticity
- Contractility
- Extensibility
- Excitability (correct)
Which connective tissue layer surrounds an entire skeletal muscle?
Which connective tissue layer surrounds an entire skeletal muscle?
- Endomysium
- Epimysium (correct)
- Perimysium
- Fascia
What is the smallest contractile unit of muscle called?
What is the smallest contractile unit of muscle called?
Which type of muscle is under voluntary control?
Which type of muscle is under voluntary control?
What is found between muscle fibers and serves as an electrical insulator?
What is found between muscle fibers and serves as an electrical insulator?
Which of the following structures consists of actin and myosin?
Which of the following structures consists of actin and myosin?
What is the role of mitochondria in muscle cells?
What is the role of mitochondria in muscle cells?
What initiates the power stroke during muscle contraction?
What initiates the power stroke during muscle contraction?
Which process is NOT directly involved in the muscle contraction cycle?
Which process is NOT directly involved in the muscle contraction cycle?
What is the role of tropomyosin in thin myofilaments?
What is the role of tropomyosin in thin myofilaments?
What role does ATP play in muscle contraction?
What role does ATP play in muscle contraction?
When muscle relaxation begins, what happens to Ca+2 ions?
When muscle relaxation begins, what happens to Ca+2 ions?
What comprises a triad in skeletal muscle?
What comprises a triad in skeletal muscle?
During the resting state of muscle, what covers the active sites of actin?
During the resting state of muscle, what covers the active sites of actin?
Which protein is primarily responsible for connecting actin to the Z line?
Which protein is primarily responsible for connecting actin to the Z line?
What happens to the troponin-tropomyosin complex when Ca+2 binds to troponin?
What happens to the troponin-tropomyosin complex when Ca+2 binds to troponin?
What is the primary component of thick myofilaments?
What is the primary component of thick myofilaments?
Which component is responsible for reestablishing the sodium-potassium gradient in a muscle cell after contraction?
Which component is responsible for reestablishing the sodium-potassium gradient in a muscle cell after contraction?
What region of the sarcomere consists only of thick filaments?
What region of the sarcomere consists only of thick filaments?
What is the main function of dystrophin in skeletal muscle fibers?
What is the main function of dystrophin in skeletal muscle fibers?
What is primarily stored in muscle cells to provide quick energy for contraction?
What is primarily stored in muscle cells to provide quick energy for contraction?
What happens when an action potential reaches the triad?
What happens when an action potential reaches the triad?
Which of the following proteins prevents excessive stretching of the sarcomere?
Which of the following proteins prevents excessive stretching of the sarcomere?
What is the main energy source used by muscles for contraction during the first 1-2 seconds?
What is the main energy source used by muscles for contraction during the first 1-2 seconds?
What process occurs after the depletion of creatine phosphate stores during muscle contraction?
What process occurs after the depletion of creatine phosphate stores during muscle contraction?
Which term describes the stimulation of additional motor units to increase muscle contraction strength?
Which term describes the stimulation of additional motor units to increase muscle contraction strength?
What factor does NOT influence the strength of muscle contraction?
What factor does NOT influence the strength of muscle contraction?
What primarily results in muscle fatigue during repeated stimulation?
What primarily results in muscle fatigue during repeated stimulation?
What is the relationship between motor unit size and precision of movement?
What is the relationship between motor unit size and precision of movement?
Which of the following is true about motor neurons?
Which of the following is true about motor neurons?
What occurs in the muscle fibers when they are stimulated repeatedly?
What occurs in the muscle fibers when they are stimulated repeatedly?
Flashcards
Muscle Excitability
Muscle Excitability
The ability of a muscle cell to respond to a stimulus, causing an electrical signal (action potential) to travel along the cell membrane.
Muscle Contractility
Muscle Contractility
The ability of a muscle cell to shorten and thicken, generating force to produce movement.
Muscle Extensibility
Muscle Extensibility
The ability of a muscle cell to stretch or extend without being damaged.
Muscle Elasticity
Muscle Elasticity
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Sarcomere
Sarcomere
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Sarcoplasm
Sarcoplasm
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
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Endomysium
Endomysium
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Motor end plate
Motor end plate
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Myofibril
Myofibril
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Actin
Actin
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Tropomyosin
Tropomyosin
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Troponin
Troponin
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Titin
Titin
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Nebulin
Nebulin
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Alpha-actinin
Alpha-actinin
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Muscle Contraction
Muscle Contraction
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Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
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SERCA (Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase)
SERCA (Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase)
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Myosin
Myosin
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What is the order of energy systems used during muscle contraction?
What is the order of energy systems used during muscle contraction?
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What is a motor neuron?
What is a motor neuron?
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What is a motor unit?
What is a motor unit?
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What is recruitment?
What is recruitment?
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What is muscle fatigue?
What is muscle fatigue?
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How does muscle fatigue affect muscle tension?
How does muscle fatigue affect muscle tension?
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What is motor unit size?
What is motor unit size?
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What is muscle contractility?
What is muscle contractility?
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Study Notes
Skeletal Muscle Contraction
- Skeletal muscles are responsible for movement, posture maintenance, heat production, and protection of internal organs.
- Muscle cells exhibit excitability (respond to stimuli), contractility (shorten to generate force), extensibility (extend without damage), and elasticity (return to original shape).
Muscle Types
- Skeletal muscle: Striated, voluntary, multi-nucleated, and attached to bones.
- Smooth muscle: Non-striated, involuntary, uni-nucleated, and found in internal organs.
- Cardiac muscle: Striated, involuntary, uni-nucleated, and found only in the heart.
Skeletal Muscle Structure
- Organized into: myofilaments (actin and myosin), myofibrils, muscle fibers, muscle fascicles, and skeletal muscle.
- Connective tissue layers: endomysium (surrounds individual muscle fibers), perimysium (surrounds muscle fascicles), and epimysium (surrounds the entire muscle).
- Tendons connect muscles to bones.
Sarcomere Structure
- The functional unit of the muscle.
- Contains repeating units of actin and myosin filaments.
- I band: thin actin filaments
- H zone: thick myosin filaments.
- A band: both thick and thin filaments
- M line: connects the thick filaments, and Z lines: connect thin filaments.
Muscle Proteins
- Important intracellular proteins: Dystrophin, titin, actinin, desmin, and nebulin.
- Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex: maintains muscle integrity.
- Titin: prevents overstretching of sarcomeres.
Sarcotubular System
- T tubules: invaginations of the sarcolemma to transmit action potentials.
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): stores calcium ions that trigger muscle contraction.
- Terminal cisternae: portions of SR that surround T tubules (triad).
Neuromuscular Junction
- The junction between a motor neuron and muscle fibers.
- Acetylcholine (ACh): neurotransmitter released to initiate muscle contraction.
- Acetylcholinesterase (AChE): enzyme that degrades ACh, stopping the signal.
Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Contraction
- Steps involved in muscle contraction, including the roles of ATP, calcium, actin, troponin, and tropomyosin.
- Sliding filament theory: Myosin filaments pull on actin filaments, causing muscle fibers to shorten.
- Phosphate separation initiates the power stroke and also moves the filaments in opposite directions.
- ATP hydrolysis and its role in the cross-bridge cycle are essential for muscle contraction.
Muscle Fatigue
- Reduced muscle tension resulting from repeated stimulation.
- Decreased rate of shortening and slower rate of relaxation.
- Factors contributing to muscle fatigue include decreased ATP, metabolites, and ion imbalances.
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
- Type 1 (slow-twitch): slow contraction speed, high endurance, and oxidative metabolism.
- Type IIa (fast-oxidative-glycolytic): fast contraction speed, moderate endurance, and both oxidative and glycolytic metabolism.
- Type IIx (fast-glycolytic): fastest contraction speed, low endurance, and substantial glycolytic metabolism.
Muscle Energy Metabolism
- ATP stores: immediate energy source.
- Creatine phosphate: short-term energy reserve.
- Glycolysis: anaerobic ATP production from glucose.
- Oxidative phosphorylation; aerobic ATP production in the mitochondria..
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