Muscle and Neuron Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?

  • Storing energy
  • Regulating body temperature
  • Facilitating body movements (correct)
  • Transporting oxygen

Which of the following structures connect skeletal muscles to bones?

  • Cartilage
  • Tendons (correct)
  • Connective tissue
  • Ligaments

What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle?

  • Acetylcholine (correct)
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine

Which characteristic describes myofibrils in skeletal muscle fibers?

<p>They are responsible for the contraction and shortening of muscle fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of skeletal muscle?

<p>Attached to smooth muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a neuron?

<p>To communicate information using electrical and chemical signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neuron is responsible for converting stimuli from the environment into electrical signals?

<p>Sensory neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurons carry signals from sensory organs to the central nervous system?

<p>Sensory neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do interneurons play in the neural communication process?

<p>They convert information back into electrical signals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of motor neurons in the context of sensory information?

<p>To transmit signals to muscle-stimulating tissues or glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a motor unit primarily composed of?

<p>A motor neuron and all the muscles it controls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a nerve?

<p>It connects various body parts and is comprised of axons and dendrites. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are soma (cell bodies) primarily located?

<p>In the gray matter of the brain and ganglia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do sensory neurons serve?

<p>They convert environmental signals into electrical signals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a component found within the soma (cell body)?

<p>Axons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the electrical potential difference across the cell membrane called when a neuron is not transmitting a signal?

<p>Resting membrane potential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In resting conditions, which ion can easily cross the neuron's cell membrane?

<p>Potassium ions ($K^+$) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit of muscle contraction known as?

<p>Sarcomere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical resting membrane potential for neurons?

<p>-60 to -70 mV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concentration of ions affect the resting membrane potential?

<p>It creates a negative charge inside the neuron relative to the outside. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic allows a muscle to respond to stimuli?

<p>Excitability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of skeletal muscle fibers under a light microscope?

<p>Striated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle cell has the most negative resting potential?

<p>Skeletal muscle cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle property does elasticity represent?

<p>Ability to recover to original length (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a muscle fiber does not allow light to pass through?

<p>Dark bands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first phase of action potential?

<p>Depolarization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the absolute refractory period?

<p>No other action potential can be generated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the membrane potential during repolarization?

<p>It returns towards zero. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what membrane potential does the overshoot occur?

<p>+20 mV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does the membrane potential become more positive than the resting potential?

<p>Overshoot/Peak Phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required to trigger another action potential during the relative refractory period?

<p>A stronger stimulus than usual (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting potential of cells approximately?

<p>-70 mV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during repolarization?

<p>Membrane potential returns towards resting potential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs after the repolarization phase?

<p>After-hyperpolarization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of action potential occurs immediately after depolarization?

<p>Overshoot/Peak Phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during depolarization in an action potential?

<p>Na+ ions flow into the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic describes the action potential's response to a stimulus beyond the threshold?

<p>The action potential is an all-or-none response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does hypercalcemia have on excitability?

<p>Decreases excitability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which step of the action potential do K+ channels open?

<p>Repolarization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conditions would lead to increased excitability of nerve cells?

<p>Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the process of repolarization?

<p>The membrane potential returns to its resting state. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During hyperpolarization, how does the membrane potential change?

<p>It becomes more negative than the resting potential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are primarily involved in causing hyperpolarization?

<p>Potassium ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of the membrane potential during hyperpolarization?

<p>-90 mV to -100 mV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is contractility of muscles?

The ability of a muscle to shorten when stimulated.

What is a sarcomere?

The smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber.

What is extensibility of muscles?

The ability of a muscle to be stretched or lengthened.

What is excitability of muscles?

The ability of a muscle to receive and respond to a stimulus.

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What is elasticity of muscles?

The ability of a muscle to return to its original length after being stretched.

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Muscle

A type of tissue that can contract, causing movement.

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Skeletal Muscle

The type of muscle attached to bones (skeleton).

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Myofibril

A small bundle within a muscle cell responsible for contraction.

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Neuromuscular Junction

The point where a nerve and muscle fiber meet.

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Acetylcholine

The chemical released at the neuromuscular junction.

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What is a motor unit?

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.

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What is a nerve?

Long, thin fibers made of axons and dendrites that transmit signals throughout the body.

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What is the soma?

The central part of a neuron containing the nucleus and other organelles.

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What are sensory neurons?

Specialized cells that convert external stimuli into electrical signals.

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What is the function of motor neurons?

They carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.

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Absolute Refractory Period

The period during which a second action potential cannot be generated, no matter how strong the stimulus.

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Relative Refractory Period

The period after the absolute refractory period where a stronger than usual stimulus is needed to trigger another action potential.

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Depolarization

The stage where the membrane potential becomes less negative, moving towards a more positive value.

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Resting Potential

The state of a neuron when it is not transmitting a signal. The inside of the neuron is negatively charged compared to the outside.

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Overshoot/Peak Phase

The stage where the membrane potential rises above the resting potential, reaching a peak positive value.

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Repolarization

The stage where the membrane potential returns back to its resting value.

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Peak Potential

The peak of the action potential where the membrane potential is most positive. At this point, sodium channels are inactivated.

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Hyperpolarization

The period after an action potential where the membrane potential is even more negative than the resting potential. This is due to an excess of potassium ions leaving the neuron.

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Resting Membrane Potential

The voltage difference across the membrane of a neuron when it's not actively transmitting a signal.

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Why is a resting neuron negative?

The tendency of a neuron at rest to be negatively charged compared to the outside.

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Ion permeability in a resting neuron

Potassium ions ($K^+$) can freely pass through the membrane of a resting neuron. Sodium ions ($Na^+$) and chloride ions ($Cl^-$) have more difficulty crossing.

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Neuron

A specialized cell responsible for transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals within the nervous system.

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Resting potential in different cells

The resting membrane potential varies across different cell types.

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Typical resting potential of neurons

The resting potential in neuron cells typically falls between -60 and -70 millivolts (mV).

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Sensory Neuron

They receive signals from the environment through specialized receptors and convert them into electrical signals.

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Motor Neuron

They transmit signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands, triggering actions.

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Interneuron

They receive information from sensory neurons and transmit it to other neurons, including motor neurons.

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Electrical Signal

The process of transmitting information within a single neuron.

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Action Potential

The change in electrical charge across a cell membrane when stimulated, causing nerve impulses and muscle contractions. It involves three key phases: depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization.

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Stimulus Threshold

The specific voltage that must be reached for an action potential to occur.

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Ion Channel

A change in the membrane potential of a neuron caused by the opening and closing of ion channels, allowing ions to flow across the membrane.

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