Muscle and Joint Functions in Anatomy

Lecture Eleven: The Skeletal System – II

• Slides are property of Dr. Ventura and protected by law. Copying or distribution without explicit permission is prohibited.

Learning Objectives

• Recognize surface regions of the upper limb.
• Identify & describe the bones of the upper extremity (scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, hand bones) focusing on skeletal morphology.
• Classify and describe articulations, functions, and movements of pectoral girdle, shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand joints. Discuss reinforcing structures.
• Identify and describe the scapulothoracic "joint".
• Describe scapulothoracic rhythm.
• Differentiate between subluxation and dislocation, discussing glenohumeral joint dislocations.

Upper Extremity: Surface Anatomy

• Diagrams illustrating anterior and posterior views of the upper limb, labeling regions like shoulder/deltoid region, axillary region, anterior arm, anterior elbow (cubital region), anterior forearm, anterior wrist (carpal region), and palm of the hand, posterior arm, posterior elbow (cubital region), posterior forearm, posterior wrist (carpal region), and dorsum of the hand.

Skeletal Components of the Upper Extremity

• Diagram illustrating the skeletal components of the upper extremity, including the joints of the shoulder, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones, hand and digits with labels for each.

The Pectoral Girdle: Clavicle and Scapula

• Diagram illustrating the clavicle and scapula, labeling the sternal end, medial end, shaft, lateral end, superior surface, acromial end.
• Listing the angles of the scapula: lateral, inferior, and superior angles
• Listing the borders of the scapula: superior, medial, and lateral borders.
• Discussing the role of the pectoral girdle in attaching the upper limb to the trunk.

The Scapula: Bony Prominences

• Diagram illustrating the bony prominences of the scapula (acromion, coracoid process, spine of the scapula, supra-glenoid tubercle, infraglenoid tubercle, glenoid fossa) with anterior, posterior and sagittal views included.

The Scapula: Scapular Fossae

• Diagram showing the various fossae of the scapula (subscapular fossa, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa) with an anterior, posterior, and sagittal view.

The Pectoral Girdle: Surface Anatomy Landmarks

• A graphic depicting the pectoral girdle's relationship to the vertebral column (thorax), marking the TIII and TVII vertebral levels.

The Humerus: Proximal Skeletal Morphology

• Diagram illustrating the humerus's proximal aspects, including the greater tubricle, lesser tubricle, Intertubercular groove, deltoid tuberosity, head of the humerus, anatomical neck, and surgical neck, with anterior and posterior perspectives.

The Humerus: Distal Skeletal Morphology

• Diagram illustrating the humerus's distal aspects, including the shaft, lateral supracondylar ridge, medial supracondylar ridge, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, capitulum, and trochlea.

Joints of the Pectoral Girdle/Shoulder

• Describing the acromioclavicular joint and sternoclavicular joint: synovial; plane/gliding; saddle
• Diagram showing the subacromial space.
• Discussing the glenohumeral joint and scapulothoracic joint: synovial; ball and socket; not a "true joint"
• Diagrams showing the superior view of the glenohumeral joint, highlighting the head of the humerus, glenoid cavity, and glenoid labrum.

Movements of Joints of the Shoulder

• Diagrams & descriptions illustrating glenohumeral joint movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation, and medial rotation) & scapulothoracic joint movements (elevation, retraction, depression, upward & downward rotation).

Scapulo-humeral Rhythm

• Explaining the 2:1 ratio of glenohumeral to scapulothoracic movement.
• A description and demonstration of the first 30° of abduction. An explanation beyond 30° with concurrence of movements.

Bones of the Forearm: Radius and Ulna

• Diagrams, including anterior and posterior views illustrating both the radius (radial head, neck, radial tuberosity, shaft, styloid process) and the ulna (trochlear notch, coronoid process, ulnar tuberosity, shaft and its styloid process).

The Elbow Joint

• Diagram illustrating the humerus, ulna, and radius at the elbow joint, showing the humeroulnar joint (trochlea, trochlear notch, olecranon fossa, olecranon), humeroradial joint (capitulum, head of radius) with anterior, posterior, and medial sagittal views. Describing the reinforcing structures of the elbow joint (radial collateral ligament, ulnar collateral ligament, annular ligament).

Radio-ulnar Joints

• Diagram displaying the different joints of the radio-ulnar joints: proximal (synovial, pivot; annular ligament), middle (solid, syndesmosis; interosseous membrane), and distal (synovial, pivot; ventral & dorsal radio-ulnar ligaments).
• Discussing the movements of supination and pronation, and the axis of rotation.
• Diagrams depicting the supination and pronation movements of the forearm and hand.

Bones of the Hand

• Diagram identifying and labeling the phalanges (proximal, middle, distal), metacarpals, and carpal bones.

Bones of the Hand (Carpal Bones)

• Diagram outlining the carpal bones in proximal and distal rows (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate). Mentioning common wrist injuries, specifically Scaphoid fractures.

The Wrist Joint

• Diagram of the wrist joint, highlighting the distal radius, TFC articular disc, and proximal row of carpals (excluding the pisiform) as sites for articulation.
• Explanation of the synovial - condyloid/ellipsoid joint type.
• Description of movements at the wrist joint (flexion, extension, radial deviation, ulnar deviation).

Joints of the Hand

• Diagram & description of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints (I-V), synovial; condyloid, and collateral ligaments. Descriptions of carpometacarpal (CMC) joints, types, and range of motion. Description of the interphalangeal (IP) joints
• Diagrams outlining the different types of movement possible at these joints (flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction).

Common Skeletal Injuries

• Examples illustrating subluxation and dislocation at the shoulder and hip.
• Including a diagram to show anterior and posterior glenohumeral dislocations. A diagram to illustrate acromioclavicular dislocation.

Lecture Twelve: The Skeletal System – III

• Slides are property of Dr. Ventura and protected by law. Copying or distribution without explicit permission is prohibited.

Learning Objectives

• Identify surface regions of the lower limb.
• Identify & describe bones of the lower extremity (hip bones, femur, tibia, fibula, foot bones), focusing on skeletal morphology.
• Identify, classify, and describe functions, movements, and reinforcing structures of the joints of the lower extremity: Pelvic girdle, hip, knee, tibiofibular joints, and foot.
• Discuss common ankle injuries and foot abnormalities (arch issues).

The lower extremity: Surface Anatomy

• Illustration detailing anterior thigh, posterior thigh, anterior knee (genu), anterior leg (shin), dorsum of foot, calcaneal region (heel), and sole of the foot regions.

Bones of the Lower Extremity

• Diagram illustrating the pelvic girdle, hip joint, knee, tibiofibular joints, and bones of the foot. Highlighting the key elements of the femur, tibia, fibula and the respective bones in the foot; tarsals (navicular, cuboid, talus, calcaneus) metatarsals and phalanges.

The Pelvic Girdle

• Diagram illustrating the hip bones, sacrum, coccyx. Understanding the false pelvis and true pelvis/inlet and outlet delineations.

Joints of the Pelvic Girdle

• Diagram and description of the various joints of the pelvic girdle (lumbosacral joint, sacrococcygeal joint, and sacroiliac joints and the different types of these joints). Showing the hip joints.

The Hip Bones: Skeletal Morphology

• Diagram outlining the iliac crest, ala of ilium, body of ilium, anterior superior/inferior iliac spines, posterior superior/inferior iliac spines, ischium, pubis, obturator foramen.

The Hip Bones

• Diagram and detailed descriptions of the key features (greater sciatic notch, ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity).

The Femur

• Diagram and detailed descriptions (Head, Neck, Greater/Lesser Trochanter, Linea Aspera, Shaft, Epicondyles, and supracondylar ridges)

The Hip Joint

• Diagram and detailed description of the hip joint, showing acetabular labrum, lunate surface, acetabular fossa, transverse acetabular ligament, fovea and the ligament of the head of the femur. Classifying it as a ball and socket joint.

Movements of the Hip Joint

• Diagram representing and describing hip movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial/lateral rotation, circumduction)

Bones of the Leg: Tibia and Fibula

• Detailed diagram of the tibia and fibula, including the superior view, anterior view, posterior view, tibial plateaus, tibial condyles, tibial tuberosity, head, neck, malleoli (medial & lateral), and proximal/middle/distal tibiofibular joints.

The Knee Joint

• Illustration demonstrating the knee joint's anatomical features: quadriceps tendon, patellar ligament, femoral condyles, tibial plateau, patella (sesamoid bone) with its patellar groove. Describing the type of joint and movements: flexion, extension, lateral and medial rotation.

The Knee Joint: Reinforcing Structures

• Diagrams and descriptions of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), the menisci (medial and lateral), and the collateral ligaments (medial and lateral).

Bones of the Foot

• Diagram showing the foot's structure and identifying the phalanges, metatarsals, tarsals (calcaneus, talus, navicular and cunieforms).

The True Ankle Joint

• Diagram, illustrating the ankle joint, and listing the bones involved (lateral malleolus and medial malleolus and talus and relationships to the various ligaments). Describing its movements: dorsiflexion, plantar flexion.

Joints of the Foot

• Description and images of the metatarsophalangeal joints (MCP), subtalar joint, and interphalangeal joints (DIP and PIP).
• Types of joints at these articulation sites. Movements (flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction).

Movements of the Subtalar Joint

• Describing the movements of inversion and eversion and their combined movements of supination/pronation.

Common Ankle Injuries: Ankle Sprains

• Diagrams illustrating inversion ankle sprains (most common), and eversion ankle sprains, including the role of the collateral ligaments.

Foot Abnormalities

• Illustrations demonstrating flat foot, normal arch, and high arch.
• Also including descriptions of Pes Cavus and Pes Planus (flat foot).

Lecture Thirteen: The Skeletal System – IV

• Slides are property of Dr. Ventura and protected by law. Copying or distribution without explicit permission is prohibited.

Learning Objectives

• Definition of fracture and various fracture types.
• Understanding the causes, considerations, and signs/symptoms of bone fractures.
• Defining terms related to fracture classification.
• Discussing mechanisms of fracture repair.
• Discussion of common bone disorders (osteomalacia (rickets), osteoporosis, osteoarthritis).

Bone Fractures

• Causes: Trauma (falls, accidents), twisting injuries, disease (cancer, osteoporosis).
• Signs and Symptoms: Bruising, pain, swelling, reduced movement, unusual appearance, crackling sound, edema, erythema, possible neurovascular/vascular impairment.
• Considerations: Healing times vary (children tend to heal faster, often 3-12 weeks), complications like infection, compartment syndrome, nerve/blood vessel damage, and fat embolism.

Bone Fractures: Terminology/Classification

• Position of Bone: Non-displaced, displaced (bone ends out of alignment).
• Completeness of Break: Complete, incomplete (break through or only part of the way).
• Skin Penetration: Closed (simple; no skin penetration), Open (compound; open wound, penetration through skin).

Common Types of Bone Fractures

• Comminuted: Bone fractures into three or more pieces.
• Crush/Compression: Bone is crushed, commonly in osteoporotic bones that experience extreme force (falls).
• Spiral: Ragged break, caused by twisting force. Common in sports.
• Epiphyseal: Epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate, occurring where cartilage cells are dying and bone matrix is hardening.
• Depressed: Broken bone is pressed inward, frequent in skull injuries.
• Greenstick: Bone breaks incompletely along one side, common in children's bones that are fairly flexible.

Fracture Repair

• Closed (external) reduction: Bone ends coaxed back into alignment, often using casts.
• Open (internal) reduction: Surgical repair with internal fixation devices (pins, rods, plates, metal braces, screws)
• Traction: Aligning the broken bones with use of weights hanging freely.

Bone Disorders

• Osteomalacia: Bone softening due to poor/faulty mineralization from impaired calcium, phosphate, or vitamin D metabolism.
• Rickets: Analogous condition in children, more threatening due to rapid growth, causing long bones to enlarge abnormally.
• Osteoporosis: Bone density loss from more bone resorption than deposition; common in older adults with decreasing sex hormone levels.
• Osteoarthritis: Degenerative joint disorder marked by pain, stiffness, and reduced joint mobility due to cartilage breakdown.

Lectures Fourteen — Sixteen: The Muscular System

• Focus on the muscular system, reviewing details, range of motion assessment, back muscles (extrinsic & intrinsic), distinctions between layers, and actions/functions for back, neck, shoulder, and arm muscles.
• Review muscles of the upper & lower extremities & relevant anatomical structures like the fascia lata, and general blood supply of lower extremity.

Learning Objectives

• Review details of muscular system.
• Define range of motion and discuss the various forms of range of motion.
• Define extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the back.
• Distinguish between muscular layers of the back.

This quiz explores key anatomical concepts related to muscle functions and joint actions. It covers the levator scapulae, scapular muscles, the function of the pronator teres, and more. Test your knowledge on the origins, insertions, and functions of various muscles and joints!