Muscles of the upper limb overview - Hard

Abducts the glenohumeral joint.

Externally rotates the glenohumeral joint.

Externally rotates the glenohumeral joint.

Internally rotates the glenohumeral joint.

Internally rotates, adducts, and extends the glenohumeral joint.

Abducts and upwardly rotates the scapula

Occipital bone and spinous processes of C7-T12

Adduct, downwardly rotate, and elevate scapula

Ribs 2-5

Elevates and downwardly rotates the scapula

Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

Abduction of glenohumeral joint

Ribs 1-9

The latissimus dorsi muscle originates from the spinous processes of T6 to the crest of the ilium.

The latissimus dorsi inserts into the lesser tubercle of the humerus, proximal to the teres major muscle.

The latissimus dorsi performs external rotation, extension, and adduction of the glenohumeral joint. It also performs scapular depression.

The supinator muscle assists in the supination of the forearm, turning the palm upwards.

The biceps brachii muscle performs supination of the forearm and flexion of the elbow joint.

The pronator teres muscle assists in the pronation of the forearm, turning the palm downwards.

The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle inserts into the pisiform bone, hook of the hamate bone, and fifth metacarpal bone.

The flexor digitorum superficialis originates from the medial epicondyle and coronoid process of the humerus.

The flexor digitorum profundus muscle flexes the distal interphalangeal joints of the 2nd through 5th digits.

The flexor pollicis longus muscle flexes the distal phalanx of the thumb.

The pronator quadratus muscle pronates the forearm, effectively rotating the hand so the palm faces downward.

The extensor retinaculum holds extensor tendons in place on the posterior aspect of the wrist, similar to the flexor retinaculum on the anterior aspect.

Extensor-supinator muscles are located on the posterior aspect of the forearm, in contrast to flexor-pronator muscles on the anterior side. They are responsible for forearm extension and supination.

Flexes the forearm at the elbow joint.

Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus.

Dorsal aspect of the base of the third metacarpal bone.

Extends the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints.

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

Extends and adducts the hand (wrist) joint.

Extends the index finger independently, supports hand extension.

Dorsal base of the first metacarpal bone.

Individually extends the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joints.

The joint formed between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum).

The first row of carpal bones, located at the wrist, consists of the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform.

Ligaments that connect the carpal bones within the same row, providing stability and support.

The articulation between the proximal row and the distal row of carpal bones.

The second row of carpal bones, comprising the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate, located on the palm side.

The trapezium bone articulates with the scaphoid bone proximally and the first metacarpal bone distally.

The capitate bone articulates with the scaphoid and lunate proximally, and with the third and fourth metacarpal bones distally.

The hamate bone articulates with the lunate and triquetrum proximally, and with the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones distally.

The elbow joint is a complex structure with three bones: the humerus, ulna, and radius. It has a single articular cavity but functions as two separate joints: the true elbow joint and the proximal radioulnar joint.

The true elbow joint is formed between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius. It allows flexion and extension movements.

The proximal radioulnar joint is formed between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna. It allows pronation and supination movements, alongside the distal radioulnar joint.

The trochlea is a spool-shaped structure on the distal humerus that articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna, allowing flexion and extension.

The capitulum, located on the distal humerus, is a rounded surface that articulates with the head of the radius, allowing pronation and supination.

The coronoid fossa is a depression on the anterior distal humerus that receives the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion.

The olecranon fossa is a depression on the posterior distal humerus that receives the olecranon process of the ulna during extension.

The distal end of the humerus (trochlea + capitellum) has a flattened shape, resembling an artist's palette, and is important for the joint's movements.

A ligament that connects the styloid process of the radius to the scaphoid bone; it has an anterior and posterior band.

A ligament that connects the styloid process of the ulna to the pisiform and triquetrum bones; it also has an anterior and posterior band.

A meniscus-like structure stabilizing the wrist at the distal radioulnar joint; it acts as a cushion and pivot for force transmission.

Prevents damage to articular cartilage during abduction/adduction movements of the wrist.

Acts as a pivot point for force transmitted across the wrist to the ulnar side.

The TFCC inserts into the lunate and triquetrum via the ulnolunate, ulnotriquetral, and radioulnar ligaments.

The TFCC inserts into the lunate and triquetrum via the dorsal radio-ulnar ligament, extensor carpi ulnaris, and UCL.

Common in boxing, causing pain and adduction limitation; can be repaired arthroscopically.