Muscle and Connective Tissue Types Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which type of channel is normally closed but opens in response to neurotransmitter binding?

Chemically gated channels (correct)

Leak channels

Voltage gated channels

Transport channels

At what level of body organization do channels operate?

System level

Organ level

Tissue level

Cellular level (correct)

Which segment of a neuron is responsible for initiating the action potential?

Initial segment (correct)

Receptive segment

Conductive segment

Transmissive segment

What is the function of the Na/K+ pump in relation to the resting membrane potential?

It maintains the resting membrane potential Signup and view all the answers

Which type of segment in a neuron contains chemically gated channels for ions such as Na+ and K+?

Receptive segment Signup and view all the answers

What type of organic molecule are both pumps and channels classified as?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of a neuron is responsible for binding neurotransmitters?

Receptive segment Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of proteins contributes to the electrical gradient across the membrane?

Their negative charge Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting state of voltage-gated sodium channels during the relative refractory period?

Rested state Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reasons explains why a greater stimulus is required during the relative refractory period?

The neuron is hyperpolarized Signup and view all the answers

When does the relative refractory period start?

After the absolute refractory period Signup and view all the answers

What type of glial cell forms the myelin sheath in the CNS?

Oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with astrocytes?

Insulating axons Signup and view all the answers

What are neurofibril nodes?

Gaps between myelin sheaths Signup and view all the answers

How does saltatory conduction differ from continuous conduction?

It occurs in myelinated axons and is faster Signup and view all the answers

What function do Schwann cells serve in the peripheral nervous system?

Insulating axons to form myelin sheaths Signup and view all the answers

During depolarization of a neuron, what ion movement occurs?

Na+ moves into the cell Signup and view all the answers

What effect does K+ movement have during the repolarization of a neuron?

Makes the inside of the cell more negative Signup and view all the answers

What causes Na+ to move into the neuron during action potential?

Higher concentration outside the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Na+/K+ pump in neurons?

To restore resting membrane potential (RMP) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the hyperpolarization of a neuron is accurate?

It is due to K+ channels being slow to close Signup and view all the answers

During the absolute refractory period, what is the status of the voltage-gated sodium channels?

They are in an inactive state Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a smaller concentration gradient for Na+ and K+ movements?

It slows down the speed of ion movement Signup and view all the answers

When does the absolute refractory period begin during an action potential?

When the Na+ channels are activated Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue provides a framework to lymphatic organs?

Reticular Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle tissue has intercalated discs?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue is used for thermoregulation?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is responsible for the transport of nutrients and gases?

Cardiovascular system Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is consciously controlled?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue allows for stretch and recoil?

Dense elastic Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue maintains shape while being flexible?

Elastic cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system includes the brain and spinal cord?

Nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which structures make up the peripheral nervous system?

Nerves and ganglia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sensory nervous system?

Receive and transmit sensory information to the CNS Signup and view all the answers

Which type of motor nervous system division controls involuntary movements?

Autonomic motor Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of interneurons?

They are entirely within the brain and spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What type of neuron structure is most commonly associated with motor neurons?

Multipolar neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron structure is primarily found in sensory neurons?

Unipolar neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between channels and pumps within a neuron?

Pumps move substances against gradients, channels allow down movement Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is involved in detecting stimuli that can be consciously perceived?

Somatic sensory neurons Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Connective Tissues

Dense irregular connective tissue can withstand stress in all directions.
Reticular connective tissue provides a framework for lymphatic organs.
Dense elastic connective tissue allows for stretch and recoil.
Elastic cartilage maintains shape while being flexible.
Bone contains red marrow.
Blood transports immune cells and hormones.

Muscle Tissue Characteristics

Skeletal muscle has more than one nucleus and is under voluntary control.
Smooth muscle lacks striations and is found in hollow organs (e.g., stomach, intestines, bladder, blood vessels, uterus).
Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and has intercalated discs, facilitating heart contractions.

Organ Functions and Systems

Organs function differently due to the specific tissues they contain, specialized for particular functions.
Integumentary system: skin (protection, temperature regulation).
Skeletal system: bones (support, protection, movement).
Muscular system: muscles (movement, thermoregulation).
Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves (control, communication).
Endocrine system: glands (hormone production, regulation).
Cardiovascular system: heart, blood vessels (transport of nutrients, gases).
Lymphatic system: lymph nodes, vessels (immune response, fluid balance).
Respiratory system: lungs, trachea (gas exchange).
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System

The peripheral nervous system comprises nerves (bundles of neuronal axons) and ganglia (clusters of neuronal cell bodies).

Sensory and Motor Nervous Systems

Sensory nervous system gathers sensory information and relays it to the CNS, divided into:
- Somatic sensory: consciously perceived stimuli (senses).
- Visceral sensory: non-consciously perceived internal stimuli.
Motor nervous system transmits motor information from the CNS:
- Somatic motor: voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
- Autonomic motor: involuntary control of cardiac/smooth muscles and glands.

Neuron Structure and Function

Sensory neurons conduct input toward the CNS; motor neurons carry output away from it.
Interneurons process information within the CNS, connecting sensory and motor neurons.
Multipolar neurons: many dendrites, one axon (most motor and interneurons).
Bipolar neurons: one dendrite, one axon (associated with special senses).
Unipolar neurons: continuous dendrite and axon with the cell body off to the side (most sensory neurons).

Ion Movement in Neurons

Pumps move substances against gradients; channels facilitate movement down gradients.
Types of channels:
- Leak channels: always open, permit free ion movement.
- Chemically gated channels: open upon neurotransmitter binding.
- Voltage-gated channels: open in response to membrane potential changes.

Neuronal Segments and Functions

Receptive segment: contains chemically gated channels (Na+, K+, Cl-).
Initial segment: contains voltage-gated channels (Na+, K+).
Conductive segment: contains voltage-gated channels (Na+, K+).
Transmissive segment: contains voltage-gated channels and pumps (Ca++).

Membrane Potential Dynamics

Resting membrane potential is created by Na+ and K+ distribution across the membrane.
Electrical gradients arise from negatively charged proteins unable to cross the membrane.
Na+/K+ pump is essential for maintaining resting membrane potential.

Graded Potentials and Action Potentials

Graded potentials vary in strength; depolarization involves Na+ (cation) entering the cell, increasing positivity.
Repolarization occurs when K+ (cation) exits the cell, making the inside more negative.
Refractory periods:
- Absolute refractory period: Na+ channels inactive; cannot generate another action potential.
- Relative refractory period: Na+ channels in a resting state; stronger stimulus needed.

Glial Cells and Myelin

CNS glial cells:
- Astrocytes: blood-brain barrier, support, fluid regulation.
- Ependymal cells: line cavities, produce CSF.
- Microglia: immune defense, remove debris.
- Oligodendrocytes: myelin sheaths around axons.
PNS glial cells:
- Satellite cells: insulate and regulate cell bodies in ganglia.
- Schwann cells: form myelin sheaths around PNS axons.
Myelin increases action potential speed and covers axons; neurofibril nodes are gaps between myelin sheaths.

Conduction Methods

Continuous conduction: occurs in unmyelinated axons, slower due to sequential activation.
Saltatory conduction: faster, as action potentials jump between myelin sheaths.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various types of muscle and connective tissues. This quiz covers definitions, characteristics, and functions of different tissue types, including skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Dive into the unique qualities of different connective tissues as well.