Municipalism and Feminism Movements Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of municipalist movements in relation to city services and utilities?

Central government oversight

Direct democratic participation (correct)

Privatisation of services

Decentralised control of services

Which of the following movements is cited as opposing free trade agreements in Europe?

Nuit Debout

Fridays for Future

Gilets Jaunes

Yellow Vests Movement (correct)

What was the basis for the cooperation among various groups against TTIP?

Broad network of civil society organisations (correct)

Fear of economic instability

Support from the conservative parties

Nationalistic sentiments

Which of the following best describes feminism as defined by Hook?

A movement to end sexism and oppression Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key paradoxes mentioned in the discussion of feminism?

Women must unite based on their gender to assert their equality Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the old versus new feminism in Britain during the 1930s?

Enfranchisement vs improvement of life as wives and mothers Signup and view all the answers

Which global movement is highlighted as part of the broader fight against systemic oppression?

Ni Una Menos Signup and view all the answers

What outcome did the EU Citizen Initiative related to TTIP achieve?

Three million signatures Signup and view all the answers

What does authorized heritage discourse primarily privilege?

Material manifestations of heritage Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the heritage debate increasingly recognize and engage with?

The individual experiences of community identities Signup and view all the answers

What critical change in the perspective of tourists has been observed?

Tourists are seen as mindful and critical observers Signup and view all the answers

What does the EUROHERIT project focus on?

Heritage politics from the perspective of institutional actors Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic of the 2004-07 enlargement of the EU?

Stricter migration policies supported by racialized notions of identity Signup and view all the answers

What is one role of memory as described in the content?

It acts as a claim for recognition and empowerment by marginalized groups Signup and view all the answers

What do 'memory practices from below' require to be fully effective?

Radical changes from above to complement them Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about the materialization of remembrance and identity?

It is always linked to the idea of isomorphic territory and memories Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'historically fabricated reality' refer to in the context of Europe?

The interplay of historical events and societal dynamics in shaping Europe. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept represents the idea of Europe as a unifying entity among diverse cultures?

Durkheim's collective representation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the river and embankments metaphor in the context of European identity?

It shows the tension between societal forces and collective identity structures. Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the merging of cultural ideas into political identity?

Ideology development. Signup and view all the answers

How did hegemonic ideas regarding Europe historically develop?

By intellectuals and elites shaping collective narratives. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'collective vs personal identity' signify in the context of European identity?

The distinction between a shared European identity and individual national identities. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is suggested to be a divisive aspect of European history?

Colonialism and conquest. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the eastern frontier of Europe represent in the discussion of European identity?

A turbulent area requiring defense and unity. Signup and view all the answers

What Greek word is the term 'crisis' derived from, and what does it signify?

Krisis - decisive moments and life-determining choices Signup and view all the answers

According to the discussions, how can crises impact European identity?

They create opportunities to challenge the existing narratives. Signup and view all the answers

Which historical event is noted as having shaped European integration and identity?

Brexit and its aftermath Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of migration management is a concern for European identity?

It undermines the foundational humanitarian values. Signup and view all the answers

How do populist movements utilize crises according to the text?

They create sharp distinctions between groups. Signup and view all the answers

What theme does Schröder highlight regarding grassroots movements?

They can foster emerging European identity. Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested as a critical need when addressing crises in Europe?

Encouraging critical reflection on responses to crises. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant paradox regarding the EU's 'crisis of integration'?

It is a result of its success in unifying diverse nations. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'European Hyperuranium' refer to?

An ideal state of perfect cultural and political organization Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the difference between universalism and Eurocentrism?

Universalism involves principles applicable to all nations, while Eurocentrism focuses strictly on European values. Signup and view all the answers

What is the essence of the 'invention of tradition' concept as introduced by Hobsbawm and Ranger?

The present influences how the past is understood and utilized. Signup and view all the answers

What critique is made against the concept of inventing traditions?

It assumes all traditions are fabricated by social elites only. Signup and view all the answers

According to Bausinger, how has technology influenced folklore?

It has created new traditional forms and lore. Signup and view all the answers

How does Shanklin's view of tradition differ from earlier anthropological perspectives?

She acknowledges that traditions evolve to meet current demands. Signup and view all the answers

What role do traditions play in the marketing of cultural products, such as French wines?

They are used to reinforce the authenticity of products. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of tradition does the statement 'tradition for selling places and marketing the past' emphasize?

The commodification and commercialization of cultural heritage. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'border' signify in the context of memory and heritage?

A dynamic interplay between social ordering and memory making Signup and view all the answers

How is memory characterized in the context of socio-cultural practices?

A process where individual and collective aspects intermingle Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'heritage dissonance'?

An intrinsic quality of heritage involving tensions among different discourses Signup and view all the answers

How do narratives function in the context of heritage and memory?

They connect the past with the present and the self with the world Signup and view all the answers

What does the power of memory and heritage lie in, according to the content?

Their ability to produce and shape reality Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a site of dissonance mentioned?

Refugee camps that reflect marginalized voices Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'white innocence' represent in the context of colonialism?

An ideation that overlooks the impacts of colonialism Signup and view all the answers

In which way does dissonance contribute to societal narratives?

By highlighting tensions and allowing room for diverse actions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

European social movements in recent decades have strategically organized based on the political context of the issue.
The Global Justice Movement, visible globally (Seattle 1999), fostered a network of activists in Europe, uniting despite diverse backgrounds in a struggle towards global justice. Counter-summit demonstrations (2000-2001) and the European Social Forum (2002) were organized.
The movement was criticized by some purists for parallel forums starting in 2004.
This movement was significant for socializing a political grassroots and raising issues that later became central to other movements.
Contesting austerity and free trade after the 2008 financial crisis created a tension between national and supranational levels of action. The role of the EU as a political actor was also contested, especially around labor market flexibilization and austerity measures.
The Mayday Parade (2001) became a transnational action, quickly spreading across 19 countries by 2005 and 22 by 2006, capitalizing on the network formed via the GJM.
The early 2010s saw movements against austerity measures infringing on national sovereignty. These participants were mostly middle-class people in their 20s, along with workers and unemployed, from diverse age groups.

Nationalism

Two main schools of thought: primordialist (essentialist) and modernist (instrumentalist).
Primordialists believe in the antiquity of nations, emphasizing essential ethnic cores.
Modernists view nations as modern constructs resulting from processes like industrialization. This perspective emphasizes the constructed nature of nations rather than their inherent existence.
Smith's concept of "ethnie" (named human populations) plays a crucial role in primordialism and nationalism, emphasizing the role of shared ancestry, myths, histories, and cultures. This concept evolved over time, transitioning from ancient/medieval times, where ethnicity was extremely important to individuals, to modernity where nationalism became a way of constructing identities and ideologies.
Civic nationalism emphasizes bureaucratic incorporation of ethnies, usually associated with the state, e.g., France, Spain, and UK.
Ethnic nationalism relies on intelligentsia, shaping histories, language, myths, and symbols to construct national identities.
Immigrant nations, by contrast, form from immigrants where often earlier groups are excluded.
There is contention on how to define nationalism and the relationship between ethnicity and nationhood;
Kohn's dichotomy of “good” Western (civic) nationalism and “bad” Eastern (ethnic) nationalism is critiqued for mischaracterizing differences.

Civic Nationalism, Ethnic Nation, Immigrant Nation

Civic nationalism (West Europe): bureaucracy incorporates loose ethnies into a territory, with a focus on wealth management.
Ethnic nation (East Europe): intelligentsia frames nationhood around ethno-histories, language, myths, and symbols.
Immigrant nation (Canada, Australia, US): nations built from immigrants, often excluding earlier inhabitants and emphasizing a pioneering spirit.

Industrialization, Mass Education

Industrialization created new urban populations, who needed new ways of understanding and building communities.
Mass education led to social conflict as industrialization caused social stratification.
Nationalism was created/created a sense of divide between previously homogeneous communities.
Nationalism was not always successful in bringing all people within a culture or nation together.
Cultural identities can be created and defined in relation to one another.

Nationalism as a Global Phenomenon

Nationalism, linked to industrialization and colonialism, shaped global political dynamics.
Nations were instrumentalized in colonial struggles to gain independence in non-European parts of the world.
In recent centuries, nations and national movements played crucial roles in colonial struggles and anti-colonial struggles.

Nationalism and the State

Nationalism's relationship to the state is complex and multi-faceted.
National identities can develop around shared historical narratives and cultural values.
These narratives can be consciously constructed and used in political mobilization.
The process of creating nations and states can sometimes be violent or conflictual as nations and states struggle to define and enforce the boundaries of their territories.

Theories of Nation and Nationalism (with a Focus on Harris, Gellner, and Kohn)

Harris: Offers two main schools on theories of nation and nationalism: primordialist and modernist.
Gellner: Focuses on nationalism being the modern solution to the need for shaping industrial society.
Kohn: Proposes a dichotomy of good Western nationalism (civic) and bad Eastern nationalism (ethnic), widely critiqued for oversimplification and Eurocentric bias.

Citizenship and Belonging

Gradual liberalization and denationalization of citizenship laws are notable, moving away from explicit discrimination based on ethnicity or origin towards inclusion and rights for immigrants.
Citizenship is increasingly viewed as adaptable through multiple forms of citizenship.
This trend has intensified through migration crises and geopolitical challenges, creating new norms for citizenship to evolve over time.
The EU has tried to harmonize the different ways in which member states define their idea of citizenship.

Sovereignty

Medieval/early modern model: sovereignty fragmented. A sovereign (individual or group) held ultimate power within a specific territory.
Post-Westphalia: the state becomes a key unit and the principle of non-intervention between states emerges.
Neo-liberal globalisation further denationalized political power by challenging the concept of national sovereignty.
Liquid sovereignty = the shift from a fixed and territorial idea of sovereignty towards one that is perpetual and global, shifting with the times.

Sovereignty and Globalization

Relationship between sovereignty and globalization is complex, with fluctuating interactions that depend on how it is viewed.
States' ability to manage and control immigration is often challenged and altered due to changing geopolitical conditions and forces.
The EU has tried to make collective solutions in the area of migration and asylum.

Migration

Migration studies encompass internal and international migration, including diverse forms of migration such as, planned, forced, and flight migration.
Migrants and migration-related diversity are important factors in studies.
Key factors of conceptualisation: individual vs. contextual reasons, rate vs. incidence, temporary vs. permanent, settler vs. labor, planned vs. flight, economic migrant vs. refugee, legal vs. illegal
There are many challenges to address regarding migration and migration policies, including the debate on who is a migrant or refugee, and how to manage them.

Colonialism

Said's concept of Orientalism: a way of coming to terms with the Orient in European experience, a style of thought distinguishing the Orient from the Occident and a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient.
The production of knowledge is linked to power dynamics.
There is a hierarchical distinction between "the West" and "the Orient"
Postcolonialism challenges existing power dynamics and knowledge systems by re-evaluating the history and narratives surrounding colonialism and its legacies.
Fanon's work (on decolonization) highlights the struggles of native communities, often reduced to the status of 'objects' without agency.

Heritage

Heritage is a contested concept that involves negotiation and political struggles, not only encompassing material items but also cultural practices, experiences, and narratives.
This concept challenges the notion of heritage as solely an objective entity with fixed values and meanings.
How communities participate in selecting, preserving, and reinterpreting heritage is central to its creation.

Memory and Heritage

Heritage is also about memories and cultural contexts.
Memory and historical narratives are intertwined, and they become a resource for building, shaping and interpreting heritage and identity.
Dissonance in heritage narratives highlights how different perspectives and experiences affect how heritage is presented, and understood.

Contemporary Challenges

Crises (refugee, financial, democratic, etc.) prompt reflection and rethinking of European identity and values.
Both populist movements and citizen-led protests play crucial roles.
There are many challenges and opportunities for Europe to define itself within these political and socio-economic challenges.

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Description

Explore the key concepts and movements related to municipalism and feminism. This quiz covers various topics, including the opposition to free trade agreements, the evolution of feminist thought, and the implications of heritage discourse. Test your knowledge on these critical social movements today!