Municipal Solid Waste Management

Chapter 1: Introduction and Legislative Background

• The provided text focuses on resource recovery from waste, solid waste management, and relevant legislations in Canada and Ontario.
• The key reference material for the chapter is the book "Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues" by George Tchobanoglous et al.

Our 89 Ton Legacy

• The average Canadian produces approximately 89 tons of garbage in their lifetime, which is about 5.9 lbs per day.
• This accumulation of waste can persist in the environment for many years, possibly centuries.

Garbology

• "Garbology: Our Dirty Love Affair with Trash", by Edward Humes, offers an insightful view of waste issues.
• Although not course material, it gives extra knowledge on dealing with trash.
• A related YouTube video can be found at the provided link.

Stats from Garbology

• The average American has a trash legacy of 102 tons.
• The biggest export of the US in the 2010s was trash.
• New York City spends $2 billion annually on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management, including $300 million on transportation of trash to out-of-state landfills.
• This amounts to 12,000 tons of trash per day or 62 Boeing 747s.
• 44% of the world's greenhouse gases are generated to manufacture products that end up in landfills as trash.

Solid Waste

• Solid waste: non-hazardous refuse generated from domestic, industrial, commercial, or institutional sources.
• Solid waste does exclude hazardous, radioactive, or liquid wastes.
• It can include dewatered solids like dry biosolids from wastewater treatment facilities, excluding liquids or sludge.

Solid Waste – A Consequence of Life

• Disposal of waste was not a problem in primitive societies with small populations.
• Waste disposal became a problem when humans started living in villages, cities, and tribes.
• In medieval times, littering of food led to the breeding of rats causing the bubonic plague epidemic in the 14th century, killing half of Europe's population.
• Societies realized the need for solid waste management in the 19th century to control rodents and flies, which are disease vectors.
• Improper waste management can cause 22 human diseases.
• Improper solid waste management causes pollution of air and water.
• Liquid leached from landfills has contaminated ground and surface waters, especially from poorly designed landfills and mining waste.

Waste Generation in a Technological Society

• The Industrial Revolution marked the beginning of increased solid waste disposal problems.
• The first urban sanitary act was passed in the UK in 1888 to prevent dumping solid wastes into ditches, rivers, and waters.
• North America's first urban sanitary law was passed in the U.S. in 1899 to regulate debris dumping in waters and lands.
• Problems with the disposal of waste came along with the use of technology.
• Waste is generated during every process step that turns raw materials into a product.
• Decreasing waste can be done by limiting raw material consumption and increasing the recovery and reuse of waste materials.
• The concept is simple, implementing it has proven difficult.
• Unlike water-borne and air dispersed wastes, solid waste does not disappear on its own.

Development of Solid Waste Management

• Solid waste management is the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes in accord with best practices in public health, economics, engineering, and other environmental considerations
• Solid waste management an interdisciplinary process encompassing political science, city and regional planning, geography, economics, public health, engineering (civil, chemical), and materials science.
• "The Disposal of Municipal Refuse" was the first book published on MSW management in 1906 by B. Parsons.
• The most recognized methods for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal at the beginning of the 20th century included dumping on land or in water, plowing into the soil, feeding to hogs, reduction, and incineration.
• Sanitary landfilling began in the early 1940s in the US; pioneered by New York City under Mayor La Guardia and Fresno, CA.
• Sanitary Landfill: an engineered ditch covered with an impermeable lining, used to limit liquid leaching into aquifers, and to process and collect gases from waste fermentation in order to mitigate explosions and enable heating.

Elements of MSW Management Systems

• Waste Generation: identifying materials as no longer valuable for disposal.
• Waste handling and separation at the source: separating waste into categories (landfill, recycling, compost).
• Collection: gathering solid waste and transporting it to MPFs, transfer stations, or landfills.
• Separation, processing and transformation of solid waste: sorting materials by size and type like paper, cardboard, metal, and glass and resource recovery.
• Organic MSW is transformed using combustion or aerobic composting.
• Transfer and transport: moving waste to its final destination (MPF or landfill).
• Disposal: primarily landfilling, including residues from combustion or composting.

Integrated Solid Waste Management

• Integrated Solid Waste Management: the selection and application of suitable techniques, technologies, and management programs to achieve specific waste management objectives
• Source Reduction: reducing the amount or toxicity of generated waste, which is the most effective strategy to mitigate waste disposal problems.
• Recycling: separation of materials for reuse, reprocessing, and remanufacturing.
• Waste Transformation: physical, chemical and biological alteration of waste, which results in a reduced landfill usage.
• Landfilling: the most common, least preferred waste management method.

MSW Legislative Background in Canada

• MSW management in Canada is a shared responsibility among federal, provincial/territorial, and municipal governments.
• The federal government provides policy frameworks and basic funding through the Canadian Council of the Ministers of the Environment (CCME).
• CCME was established in 1964.
• CCME is comprised of the environment ministers from the federal, provincial and territorial governments.
• The 14 minsters meet annually to discuss national environmental priorities, set strategic environmental directions, and set out key performance indicators.
• Notable policies include: Strategy on Zero Plastic Waste (2018), Phase 1 & 2 of Canada-wide Action Plan On Zero Plastic Waste (2019, 2020), Canada-wide Strategy for Sustainable Packaging (2009).
• Relevant federal legislations include: Canadian Environmental Protection Act (1999), Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act (1992), Canadian Environmental Assement Act (2012).
• Waste management in Canada is primarily regulated at the provincial level.
• In Ontario, waste management occurs at two levels: residential and the industrial, commercial, and institutional (IC&I) sectors.
• Residential waste management and recycling services are mandated by the provincial government and carried out by local municipalities.
• Each municipality develops its own waste management program.
• IC&I sector members comply with waste related regulations.
• Relevant Ontario legislations include: Environmental Protection Act (1990), Environmental Assessment Act (1990), The Planning Act (1990), Waste Diversion Act (2002), Waste-Free Ontario Act (2016).
• Waste-Free Ontario Act (2016) intends to establish a full Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system.
• The transition by this act goes from municipalities collecting and processing to an EPR system where producers collect and process at their own expense (by 2025).
• Zero waste and zero greenhouse gas emission from waste sector by 2050.
• Ontario is transitioning the current Blue Box Program to a producer responsibility model.
• Under the new producer responsibility model, the new transition model will shift costs away from municipal taxpayers to product producers.
• Under a hazardous and special requirements framework, producers of paints, pesticides, solvents, oil filters, antifreeze and pressurized containers are responsible to create collection networks, in place as of 2021.
• Under a tire collection and recovery framework, tire producers are responsible for an accessible, convenient and free tire collection and recycling network.
• Under a waste equipment framework, produces of electronic equipment are responsible for an accessible, convenient and free battery collection and recycling network.
• A battery collection system makes produces of all primary and rechargeable batteries that weight less than 5 kg responsible for a convenient and free battery collection network.
• A new return program exits for beverage and alcohol containers.

City of Toronto Solid Waste Bylaws

• Local municipalities such as the City of Toronto control MSW through program management bylaws.
• These bylaws cover areas including collection (residential and commercials), fees, packaging, waste transfer and landfill, and litter and dumping of refuse.

History of Landfilling in Toronto

• Toronto has been dumping its MSW in 160 landfills throughout the 20th century.
• Toronto faced trash crisis in 2002 because the Keele Valley landfill was near capacity.
• From then the city shipped its MSW to Carleton Farms in Michigan until 2010. Toronto purchased a landfill in London, Ontario (Green Lane landfill), and began shipping waste there in 2006 but started using various landfills across Ontario since then.

Chapter 2: Sources, Types and Composition of MSW

• Solid waste is materials the processor no longer considers of sufficient value to retain. Knowing about different MSW’s sources, rates of generation, and composition can aid the design of MSW treatment programs.

Sources of Solid Waste

• Solid waste is sourced from: residential, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition, municipal services, treatment plant sites, industrial and agricultural
• Residential sources include single-family homes, detached dwellings, low, medium and high rise apartments etc. Commercial sources include retail, restaurants, offices and more.
• Types of solid waste in those locations can contain food waste, paper, plastic, textiles, leather, yard waste, wood, etc. Industrial solid waste can contain process wastes, scrap materials, and nonindustrial waste.

Types of Solid Waste

• The types of solid waste discussed are residential and commercial waste, special and hazardous waste, institutional solid waste, construction and demolition waste, municipal services, treatment plant wastes and residue, agricultural waste, and industrial waste
• Residential and commercial waste includes organic and inorganic components.
• Organic fraction: food waste, paper or cardboard, plastic, rubber, textile, leather, wood and yard wastes.
• Inorganic Fraction: glass, crockery, tin cans, aluminum, ferrous metals, dirt.
• There are 50 types of paper waste such as newspapers, books, commercial printing, office paper.
• Plastic materials are grouped into seven categorized groups:
• Polyethylene terephthalate (PETE/1).
• High density polyethylene (HDPE/2).
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC/3).
• Low density polyethylene (LDPE/4).
• Polypropylene (PP/5).
• Polystyrene (PS/6).
• Other multilayered materials (7).
• The bottom of the container usually shows what the plastic is made out of.
• Plastic products can be made up of mixtures or two or more classifications above.
• Special and Hazardous wastes: Bulky items like furniture, electronic waste like computers, white goods like kitchen appliances, batteries, used oil, rubber tires Household batteries vary (lithium, zinc, alkaline, nickel cadmium, mercury). While car batteries contain lead and sulfuric acid.
• The metal leachates from batteries can contaminate water when landfilled.
• Used oil contaminates ground and surface water. Rubber tires waste space in landfills, and are flammable.
• Institutional solid waste includes waste from, government centers, schools, prisons and hospitals.
• Construction waste from construction and remodelling and contains.
• dirt, stones, concrete, bricks, shingles, plumbing, heating and electrical parts. Demolition waste which are razes building, streets, and broken glass.
• Municipal services solid waste such as: street sweeping, road side litter, waste from municipal containers, landscape and tree trimmings, catch-basin debris, abandoned vehicles.
• Treatment plants and residues: includes solid and semi-solid wastes from water and waste facilities, wastewater treatment and landfilled plant sludges, and combustion from water.
• Materials remain materials like ashes and residue left from coke, wood or coal combustion.
• Agricultural waste is residue and waste resulting from production of agriculture.

Composition of Solid Waste

• Waste Composition: Individual components of a solid waste stream and their relative distribution, usually based on weight %.
• Knowing the waste composition is needed to help determine systems, equipment and for management programs and plans. For example, if a stream contains lots of paper waste, shredders and balers are needed.
• 50-75% of MSW comes from residential and commercial activities, the rest would depend of certain regions water and wastewater.

Distribution of Individual Waste Components

• Information about the physical composition of solid waste aids in the selection and operation of equipment and facilities, enables assessment of resource and energy recovery feasibility, and faciliates the design of landfills.
• Information about the physical composition of solid wastes are important in selection and operation of equipment and facilities. Assessing the feasibility of resource and energy recovery and analysis and design of landfills

Physical Properties of MSW

• Specific weight of material is recorded on a material per unit volume (lb/ft³ or lb/yd³)
• The Specific weight can be reported for loose, containers, uncompacted, or compacted
• MSW affected its location, time or time stored.
• A moisture content is the percent of wet weight or dry weight of MSW: M = (w-d)/w where M= moisture content % w = initial weight of sample as delivered lb d = weight of sample after drying at 105C
• The physical properties of waste impact processing and disposal, e.g. size distribution for effective screening and separation.
• Field Capacity: critical determination of leachates, water capacity excess field releases as leachate
• Impacted by applied pressure, decomposition
• Field capacity of uncompacted MSW 50 and 60%
• Permeability of impacted waste , how quick liquids and gases release over landfill.

Chemical Properties of MSW

• Important of design of the combustion and composing of MSW facilities
• Consist of: Moisture loss 105C Volatile, Combustible Matter adiditional loss at 950C Fixed carbon after volatile Ashes for combustion test
• The temeprature at which ash forms will form a solid by fusion is called Fusing point. Range: 1100 to 1200C
• Determination fo the percent of C.H.O.N and halogen such as Cl, determine proper MS" composite achieve the same.
• Energy Content of components calimoter can determine calculation, so long is elemental composition, waste known
• Ultimate Anaysis for components in MSW C, H, O, N, S & Ash are all part of MSW. Using alaysis MSW a balanced the C/N ratio for compositing

Biological Properties of MSW

Organic MSW can be classified as: Water and soluble contents, sugars and amino acids

• Hemicelluse con densation product of 5 carbons , sugar
• Celluse Product of 6 carboon sugar Fatsi, oils and waxes
• polymeric material wrings Ligno Protein
• Bio degradablity of Organic Waste: measure of biogradablity, with ignition of 550 degrees VS . The lignion component of waste can be used to determine the biodegradable fractions to 348 VS can be misleading for volatile content as well as news prints Production. and oder develop when wasts are over time
• Reduction MSW . biological compions CH3 = H2O- CH4 -HOH+H2S

Chapter 3: Materials Recovery from Waste

• This is where the waste stream undergoes materials streams

Recycling Post-Consumer Waste

• The process involves: Materials recovery, intermediate sorting/compacting, ransport, and final processing.
• It helps conserve natural resources, reduce landfill waste, require less energy, and is successful if high demand for the materials.
• Key factors include: materials identification, reuse and recycling opportunities, market demand for materials recovered costs on collections.
• Most material has Low value if unrecycled Due to lack of infrastructure, and due to
• Plastic low specific weight, as wells as any potential contamination.

Markets for Certain Plastics

• Plastics tend to be low in value and suffer from a lack of recycling infrastructure so they are often contaminated.
• Aluminum cans have a high recycling rate (65%) but make up less than 1% of MSW.
• This is because is its high enegy and expensvise.
• Glass is always competing with unycled material, and Glass as well as low
• Aluminum is cheap, the recycling is simple and it can be stable if Domestic source.
• Energy 5 % to can recycled al
• Recycled are Uniform, and it competes againsts glass.
• Recycle paper has to be sorted by grade:
• Has largest portion of MSW (25-40%)
• 25% recyceld, with virgin fiber being Cheap
• Limited de ink as limited
• 33% is newspapers when used for container boards downgraded
• High grade paper: used in writing but with book
• Recycled papers used with out deinking, bulik , in wall boards
• Building with gygpsum
• Refuse derived fuel for bimoss,
• E.g. The most larger exporter of water
• 6 % growth since annual. Since the volume is high 7 % by weight , plastics only 9% recycled rest goes into landfill.
• 2% milk jug
• PET - mostly used for food. And chemicaly
• HDPE properties depend on the source or the container
• pvc electral wires and drain, show curtins
• LDPE plastic bags is only l6% OF waste
• PS product 2t of waste, low only . Make foam insulation boards and toys.

Processing of plastic

• Bottles must be clean
• Granulators: Small flakes by regulators and was by detergent
• Water Flotation Water Sink Polymer float.
• Dryer , spin to remove excess water
• To separate the bottle caps from bottle.
• Reclaim of restin is mixing with different grades / virg to modify the meter Al contamination that can be reused
• Assembled a lot

Recycle Glass

• 8 of waste 18 % clear amber green leads energy saving and a cleaner composit
• Reused new class and 3.0 recycles, and fibreglass
• Colour are a problem which can be sorted • Maufactures cullet
• Reduces process temperatures
• Fiberglass need stinger , using from or from operations
• -Use and of steel, where steel 6%
• Decreased by plastics and aluminium

Key Steps Steel Recycle

• Magnetic separation To remove metals Aluminum Removal Vacuum, the Process chemical, electric
• Recyclining Still is used in steel making
• heat dinffese with steel is copper oxide for printing process
• Copper exaction, iron for coppper
• 1.65 for steel

Chapter 4: Thermal Conversion Technologies

Waste Transformation by Combustion

• Thermal processing of MSW: This involves converting MSW into gaseous, liquid, and solid products while releasing heat energy. Objectives:
• Volume reduction (85-95%).
• Recovery of thermal energy.
• A key challenge: Air pollution control is the main obstacle for widespread use of thermal inversion.
• Stoichiometric, excess air, gasification and Prolyisis
• Key element is carbon , hyderogen , oxygen ,nitrogens , trace amount of metals ideally

Stoichiometric Combustion

• Stoichiometric combustion is the precise oxygen to do complete combustion with minimal byproducts with balanced chemical equations like:: C + O₂ → CO₂
• It is nearly impossible due to unpredictable combustion

Excess Combustion Factors

• Excess air is used to promote mixing and turbulence. it should be reduced to promote
• Emission due to causing Oder in temperature

Combustion System

. Thermal processing of MSW happens through by chemical oxidation with certain levels of air which. is by produce that of heat (nitrogen, carbon dioxide. and ash It is more massed fired more

• Masses can be more processed . Crane operate or tolerant system vary with c climate or sones. Rdsd / Fluff is where system is easy but

Fluidization

• Retractory vertiic cylindrical vessel, it has sand bed for plates with air nozzels. Named Tuyers: with Air jected Fuel such like C.R.DF are Introduced The "boiling” action of the fluidized bed introduces turbulence better heat transfer to the fuel.
• Very versatile with the type of waste
• Waterwall combation, vertically aligned, water to absorp The wall are covered by the steam heat
• Heat boiler, minimze losses heat
• Gasficication is a partisl combustion of fuel to generate carbon dioxde and hydro carbon. Needs air ad o exorthermic 18th and is easy , is need how we

Gasification Types

• Vertical is low and simple cost but has high unit fuel.

• Fuel flow is gravity Oerated a low temepatu 12=1500 Prodecut low B-tu wasts is small

Gas System for Performance oxygen

• Opertate temo 2600 and 3000 f

• Prduct M edium , Btu and hydrogen

• Most is commersally availbed as Starvo , air comutn. Which, is most primairy, .

• Gas is fully used to gte steam

Understand leachate formation, field capacity variations, and application of proximate analysis. Explore the economic viability factors in recycling aluminum cans versus glass and paper. Efficient waste management and recycling of post-consumer plastics are crucial for sustainability.