Multiple Sclerosis Immune Response Quiz

Which of the following cells are primarily involved in the immune response in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

What is the pathologic hallmark of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)? Which of the following is a key feature of acute MS lesions?

In Multiple Sclerosis (MS), the immune system targets which part of the neuron?

Which of the following immune molecules is involved in the recruitment of T helper (TH1) cells to the site of injury in MS?

The dysregulation of the immune system in MS leads to damage primarily through:

Which of the following therapies is used in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

In Multiple Sclerosis (MS), what role does the blood-brain barrier play in the pathophysiology of the disease?

Which of the following immune responses is implicated in the progression of MS lesions?

Which of the following is a known genetic risk factor for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

Which cells are predominantly involved in the inflammatory process in MS lesions?

Which histologic feature is commonly observed in acute MS lesions?

Which of the following changes is NOT typically seen in acute MS lesions?

What type of lesions are most commonly observed in the pathology of MS?

Which of the following is a prominent feature of MS lesions during acute stages?

Which of the following is true regarding the genetic risk for MS?

Which of the following is a known environmental risk factor for MS?

What is the latitudinal gradient associated with the prevalence of MS?

What genetic variant is most commonly associated with an increased risk of developing MS?

What is the primary association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and MS?

Which of the following is a common presentation of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

What is the typical manifestation of optic neuritis in multiple sclerosis?

Which of the following is a classic sign associated with optic neuritis in multiple sclerosis?

The Lhermitte phenomenon is associated with which of the following? A) Transverse myelitis B) Brainstem syndromes C) Optic neuritis D) Multiple sclerosis

What is the primary clinical manifestation of transverse myelitis in multiple sclerosis?

In optic neuritis, which of the following is typically observed as a chronic sign?

What does the presence of a Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) in optic neuritis suggest?

What is the usual duration of pain in optic neuritis?

Which of the following is NOT a common feature of brainstem syndromes in multiple sclerosis?

What does the presence of a Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) in optic neuritis suggest?

Which of the following is an acute sign of optic neuritis seen during an eye examination?

What is typically observed as a chronic sign of optic neuritis?

Which of the following is a typical symptom of brainstem or cerebellar syndrome?

Nystagmus, often seen in brainstem syndromes, involves dysfunction of which part of the brain?

Which of the following signs is associated with one-and-a-half syndrome?

What is the underlying cause of Lhermitte's symptom in spinal cord lesions?

Which of the following is a sign of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions, such as those seen in spinal cord lesions?

What does increased tone and clonus in upper motor neuron lesions reflect?

Which of the following is typically seen in cerebellar syndrome?

Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with spinal cord lesions?

The brisk reflexes seen in upper motor neuron lesions are a result of what?

The upgoing plantar response (Babinski sign) is indicative of damage to which pathway?

Brown-Sequard syndrome is typically caused by a lesion affecting which part of the spinal cord?

Which of the following signs is commonly seen in Brown-Sequard syndrome?

Which of the following sensory deficits is observed in the opposite side of the body in Brown-Sequard syndrome?

Which of the following is not a common symptom of cerebral hemisphere involvement in MS?

Cognitive impairment in MS often results from which of the following?

What is the hallmark characteristic of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)?

Secondary progressive MS (SPMS) is typically preceded by which subtype of MS?

What is the primary difference between primary progressive MS (PPMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS)?

Which classification of MS is described as "one episode suggestive of MS, but not meeting diagnostic criteria"?

Why is social history important in the management of MS?

Which of the following is not a differential diagnosis for MS?

Which infection is commonly considered in the differential diagnosis of MS?

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) differs from MS primarily because:

Which investigation is most diagnostic for MS?

CSF findings in MS include all of the following except:

Which of the following is a confirmatory test for vitamin deficiency as a potential mimic of MS?

Visual evoked potentials in MS are:

What is the role of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in MS investigations?

What is the hallmark MRI finding in multiple sclerosis?

Which MRI feature indicates active inflammation in MS?

What does CSF analysis typically show in multiple sclerosis?

What does delayed visual evoked potentials (VEP) suggest in MS?

What is the significance of gadolinium enhancement in MRI for MS?

What are the McDonald criteria used for?

Which of the following demonstrates dissemination in space according to the McDonald criteria?

Which of the following is NOT one of the CNS regions used to assess dissemination in space?

Which of the following demonstrates dissemination in time according to the McDonald criteria?

How can dissemination in time be demonstrated in MS according to the McDonald criteria?

What role do unmatched oligoclonal bands in the CSF play in the McDonald criteria?

What is required to demonstrate dissemination in space for MS diagnosis using the McDonald criteria?

What is the first-line treatment for an acute exacerbation of MS?

In cases where MS exacerbations are refractory to steroids, which treatment is recommended?

Which of the following medications is used to manage spasticity in MS patients?

A patient with MS reports chronic neuropathic pain. Which medication is appropriate?

Which of the following is a pharmacological option for managing MS-related fatigue?

Which drug is used to manage bladder dysfunction in MS patients?

Which medication is suitable for managing MS-related sexual dysfunction?

Depression in MS patients can be treated with which medication?

What is the role of physiotherapy in MS management?

What is the only Disease-Modifying Therapy (DMT) currently licensed for Primary Progressive MS (PPMS)?

Which of the following is a first-line Disease-Modifying Therapy for Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS)?

Which medication is used to manage MS-related fatigue?

What is the mechanism of action for Glatiramer acetate in MS?

Which of the following is a benefit of Disease-Modifying Therapies (DMTs) for Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS)?

Which of the following is a second-line option for RRMS patients who do not respond to first-line treatments?

Which drug is commonly prescribed for MS-related pain?

A 30-year-old female presents with symptoms suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS), confirmed via MRI brain, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and visual evoked potentials. Which of the following is considered a first-line Disease-Modifying Drug (DMD) for MS?

What is the primary mechanism of action of Natalizumab in treating MS?

Which of the following best describes the effect of Interferon-beta in MS?

Which drug works by mimicking myelin proteins to induce a shift from Th1 to Th2 response?

How does dimethyl fumarate reduce inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis?

Which of the following drugs targets CD52 for the depletion of mature B- and T-cells?

What is the primary mechanism of action of fingolimod in MS treatment?

Which drug works by inhibiting the α4-integrin receptor to prevent immune cell migration into the CNS?

Which drug limits pyrimidine availability to reduce immune cell proliferation in MS?