35 Questions
What is the integumentary system primarily composed of?
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Which area of the body has the thickest skin?
Forehead and dorsal area of the neck
Which connective tissue attaches the dermis to the underlying structures?
Hypodermis
What covers almost the entire skin surface of domestic animals?
Hair, wool or feathers
What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
Regulation of body temperature
Which component of the hair is responsible for maintaining the viability of the hair follicle?
Dermal papilla
What is the area where hair formation originates called?
Hair bulb
What type of keratin is the keratin in hair known as?
Hard keratin
Which structure lacks stratum granulosum and lucidum and presents a double system of ridges and papillae in the dermis?
Hoof of Equidae
What are the components of the hair, from outside to inside?
Cuticle, cortex, medulla
Which is a direct continuation of the epidermis and dermis that line the distal phalanges in carnivores?
Nails of carnivores
What is the deep part of the invagination that has an inverted cup shape and is made up of basal keratinocytes and melanocytes called?
Hair matrix
Which type of cell makes up the vast majority (80-85%) of epidermal cells?
Keratinocytes
In which layer of the epidermis do keratinocytes begin to produce desmosomes and type I and type II cytokeratins?
Spinosum layer
What is the main function of melanocytes in the skin?
Producing melanin
Which cells in the epidermis serve as antigen-presenting cells?
Langerhans cells
What do keratinocytes in the granulosum layer produce that is transformed into filaggrin, a protein acting as a glue for keratin filaments?
Keratohyaline
From which part of the body do Langerhans cells originate?
Bone marrow
What percentage of epidermal cells do Langerhans cells represent?
~5%
What do keratinocytes in the corneum layer lose as they die?
Nuclei and organelles
What is the main role of Merkel cells in the skin?
Sensory reception
"Keratinocytes in the basale layer are progenitor cells", what does 'progenitor' mean in this context?
Ancestral or precursor cells
What is the function of cytokeratin 5 and 14 expressed by keratinocytes in the basale layer?
Identifying them as progenitor cells
Which cells in the epidermis phagocytose antigens and travel to regional lymph nodes to present antigens to specific lymphocytes?
Langerhans cells
What type of secretion do sebaceous glands produce and discharge into the hair follicle?
Holocrine secretion
Which type of sweat glands have a cooling function and are abundant in canids and equids?
Apocrine glands
Where are Merkel cells located in specific regions such as whiskers, tactile hairs, footpads, and oral mucosa?
Epidermis
Which part of the skin consists of fibrous connective tissue with a network of collagen and elastic fibers, divided into papillary and reticular layers?
Dermis
Which type of glands are located around the anus, in the perineum, and in the buttock of the tail of canids, and have a tendency to neoplastic transformation in males?
Hepatoid glands
What do mammary glands produce in an apocrine form?
Milk
What is the structure that is a tubular invagination of the epidermis and basement membrane into the dermis, covered by the epidermis?
Hair follicle
What type of secretion do sweat glands with merocrine secretion have?
Merocrine secretion
Which cells are connected to nerve fibers, forming Merkel cell-neurite complexes?
Merkel cells
Where is fibroadipose tissue present in the skin structure?
Hypodermis
Which structure is composed of layers such as the basement membrane, external and internal root sheaths, and hair shaft?
Hair follicle
Study Notes
- Langerhans cells in the epidermis phagocytose antigens, travel to regional lymph nodes to present antigens to specific lymphocytes, stimulating the immune response.
- Merkel cells: neuroendocrine cells located in specific regions like whiskers, tactile hairs, footpads, and oral mucosa, connected to nerve fibers, forming Merkel cell-neurite complexes.
- Skin structure:
- Dermis: fibrous connective tissue with a network of collagen and elastic fibers, divided into papillary and reticular layers.
- Hypodermis: fibrous connective tissue with adipose tissue (fibroadipose tissue).
- Skin appendages:
- Sebaceous glands: exocrine glands that produce sebum in a holocrine secretion and discharge it to the hair follicle, with two types of cells: basal and secretory.
- Sweat glands: of two types, apocrine (coiled tubular glands with serous secretion and cooling function, abundant in canids and equids) and eccrine (tubular glands with merocrine secretion and found in various body parts).
- Hepatoid glands: exocrine glands located around the anus, in the perineum, and in the buttock of the tail of canids, with lumen-free secretory units, and have a tendency to neoplastic transformation in males.
- Mammary gland: a modified exocrine cutaneous sweat gland that produces milk in an apocrine form, with secretory units and ducts of columnar to cuboidal epithelium.
- Hair follicle and hair: tubular invagination of the epidermis and basement membrane into the dermis, covered by the epidermis, with a structure composed of layers such as the basement membrane, external and internal root sheaths, and hair shaft.
Test your knowledge of the immune response pathway with this quiz. Learn about how antigens are processed and presented to specific lymphocytes, leading to the proliferation of helper T lymphocytes and the production of interleukins.
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