Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Disease Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which type of drug is used to treat acute flare-ups in multiple sclerosis?

  • Interferon drugs
  • Spasticity drugs
  • Urinary drugs
  • Immunosuppressant drugs (correct)

    • What is the primary purpose of interferon drugs in multiple sclerosis treatment?

  • Treat acute flare-ups
  • Slow progression of the disease (correct)
  • Control spasticity
  • Manage urinary incontinence

    • Which medication is used to manage spasticity in multiple sclerosis patients?

  • Interferon beta
  • Dantrolene (correct)
  • Anticholinergic drugs
  • Prednisone

    • What is a key strategy in physical therapy for managing multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Teach energy conservation and pacing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug type opposes acetylcholine to reduce bladder spasms in multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Anticholinergic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration when scheduling physical therapy for multiple sclerosis patients?

    <p>Create a distributed practice schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is often used for spasticity management and can be delivered via a pump?

    <p>Baclofen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common complication should be monitored in multiple sclerosis patients during physical therapy?

    <p>Thermal stress-related fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of multiple sclerosis on the central nervous system?

    <p>Demyelination of upper motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic is most commonly affected by multiple sclerosis?

    <p>White females aged 20-40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common initial symptom of optic neuritis in multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Vision pain and temporary loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes rapid fatigue of nerves in individuals with multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Demyelinating lesions slowing neural transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with Marcus Gunn pupil?

    <p>Limited pupil contraction when light is shined in the affected eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely etiology of multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Severe respiratory distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does myelin impact nerve conduction under normal conditions?

    <p>Insulates nerves and speeds up conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by rapid progression and usually results in death within 5 years?

    <p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Guillain–Barré syndrome in terms of symptoms?

    <p>Symmetric paralysis from lower to upper extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is multiple sclerosis most commonly diagnosed?

    <p>20–40 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Guillain–Barré syndrome is most often preceded by which condition?

    <p>Respiratory infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the prognosis of multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Life expectancy may be shortened by only a few months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron damage characterizes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

    <p>Both upper and lower motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it indicate when both eyes constrict in response to stimuli?

    <p>Both cranial nerves II and III are intact bilaterally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly reported symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

    <p>Muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition does the bladder fail to contract fully, leading to incomplete emptying?

    <p>Flaccid bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The uhthoff phenomenon in MS refers to what type of impact?

    <p>Increased neurological symptoms due to heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Lhermitte sign indicate in a person with MS?

    <p>Electric shock sensations down the spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of multiple sclerosis is characterized by a steady decline in function without attacks?

    <p>Primary progressive MS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bladder condition is commonly associated with hypertonic muscles in MS?

    <p>Spastic bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Damage present in two separate areas of the CNS at two separate times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of neuropathic pain associated with MS?

    <p>Pain due to inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is typically NOT associated with cerebellar dysfunction in MS?

    <p>Dysphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of fatigue in patients with MS?

    <p>It may result in a compensatory gait pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as pseudobulbar affect in MS?

    <p>Involuntary emotional expression disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is affected if the right eye dilates while the left eye constricts?

    <p>Only CN III is affected on the right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of elevated immunoglobulin levels in a spinal tap suggest in relation to MS?

    <p>Evidence of ongoing inflammation or damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended intensity range for aerobic exercise in patients with certain mobility limitations?

    <p>Low (3–5 METs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which exercise type is generally considered best for optimizing mobility in patients with tight muscles?

    <p>Circuit training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition involves excessive excitatory output in the basal ganglia due to dopamine depletion?

    <p>Parkinson disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common initial symptom of Parkinson disease represented by the mnemonic 'TRAP'?

    <p>Resting tremor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of muscle groups targeted in spasticity management for patients with Parkinson disease?

    <p>Employing antigravity muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with Parkinson disease, which gait characteristic primarily involves an increase in speed with short strides?

    <p>Festination gait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical therapy treatment for Parkinson disease should ideally occur during the 'on phase' of medication administration?

    <p>Physical therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an early sign of Parkinson's disease that affects the sensory perception?

    <p>Anosmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of death in patients with Parkinson disease due to respiratory complications?

    <p>Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary medication combination used as the gold standard treatment for Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a degenerative disorder with movement disorders including chorea?

    <p>Huntington disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a non-motor symptom commonly associated with Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Sialorrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change in muscle function occurs commonly in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

    <p>Decreased amplitude of muscle action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of akathisia often seen in neurodegenerative disorders?

    <p>Extreme restlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the involuntary, slow, writhing movements that can occur in neurodegenerative disorders?

    <p>Athetosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

    • Autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS)
    • Commonly affects females aged 20-40
    • Demyelination of nerves slows neural transmission
    • Lesions are scattered, leading to variable symptoms
    • Optic conditions like nystagmus and optic neuritis are common initial symptoms.
    • Diplopia (double vision) may occur.
    • Marcus Gunn pupil (afferent pupillary defect). a specific eye exam finding, is possible.
    • Fatigue, muscle weakness, and spasticity are common symptoms.
    • May affect the cerebellum, leading to ataxic gait, intention tremor, and dysmetria.
    • Cognitive issues, bowel, and bladder problems are also possible symptoms.
    • Treatment includes managing symptoms and preventing exacerbations.

    Parkinson's Disease (PD)

    • Chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder
    • Dopamine depletion in the substantia nigra affects the basal ganglia
    • Acetylcholine levels increase due to loss of inhibitory dopamine
    • Lewy bodies accumulate as neurons degenerate.
    • Symptoms appear after 40% nerve damage
    • Resting tremor (pill-rolling), rigidity, akinesia (difficulty initiating movement), and bradykinesia (slow movement) are hallmark symptoms.
    • Postural instability is also common.
    • Symptoms progress from asymmetrical to bilateral involvement.
    • Diagnosis involves clinical assessment and supporting tests.
    • Treatment focuses on managing symptoms like tremors and rigidity by using medication.

    Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

    • Degenerative neurological disorder affecting motor neurons
    • Motor neurons in the anterior horn cells and corticobulbar/corticospinal tracts decline.
    • Symptoms progress in an ascending, symmetrical fashion from distal to proximal.
    • UMN(upper motor neuron) and LMN (lower motor neuron) symptoms can manifest
    • Muscle weakness, atrophy, fasciculations, and spasticity are common clinical findings.
    • Respiratory muscle involvement is possible progressing to respiratory failure
    • Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation, aided by tests like EMG.
    • No cure exists; treatment focuses on managing symptoms and supporting breathing (if necessary).

    Traumatic Brain Injuries

    • Primary brain damage occurs at the moment of impact.
    • Diffuse axonal injury is a shearing force effect on the brain.
    • Focal injury (e.g., contusion, laceration) happens at the point of impact.
    • Coup-contrecoup injury involves injury at both the point of impact and the opposite side.

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    Neurodegenerative Diseases (MS, PD, GBS, ALS) PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores key information about Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson's Disease (PD), including their symptoms, mechanisms, and treatment options. It delves into how these neurodegenerative disorders impact the central nervous system and the various clinical manifestations that can arise. Test your knowledge on these significant neurological conditions.

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