Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a common symptom of multiple myeloma?
What is a common symptom of multiple myeloma?
Which test is NOT typically used to diagnose multiple myeloma?
Which test is NOT typically used to diagnose multiple myeloma?
What condition may splenomegaly indicate?
What condition may splenomegaly indicate?
What is a possible complication of congestive splenomegaly?
What is a possible complication of congestive splenomegaly?
Signup and view all the answers
Which treatment is specific for hypersplenism?
Which treatment is specific for hypersplenism?
Signup and view all the answers
What is considered thrombocytopenia in terms of platelet count?
What is considered thrombocytopenia in terms of platelet count?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of thrombocytopenia?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of thrombocytopenia?
Signup and view all the answers
What clinical manifestation may indicate severe thrombocytopenia?
What clinical manifestation may indicate severe thrombocytopenia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary treatment for thrombocytopenia?
What is the primary treatment for thrombocytopenia?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes thrombocythemia?
What characterizes thrombocythemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common cause of impaired hemostasis?
What is a common cause of impaired hemostasis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following disorders is characterized by both hemorrhagic and thrombotic findings?
Which of the following disorders is characterized by both hemorrhagic and thrombotic findings?
Signup and view all the answers
What is NOT a symptom associated with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
What is NOT a symptom associated with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is NOT an etiology of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
Which factor is NOT an etiology of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)?
What is the primary characteristic of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following are considered late symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Which of the following are considered late symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes microcytic-hypochromic anemias?
What characterizes microcytic-hypochromic anemias?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is the most common type of anemia worldwide?
Which condition is the most common type of anemia worldwide?
Signup and view all the answers
How is sideroblastic anemia primarily characterized?
How is sideroblastic anemia primarily characterized?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary manifestation of leukopenia?
What is a primary manifestation of leukopenia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the likely etiology of polycythemia vera?
What is the likely etiology of polycythemia vera?
Signup and view all the answers
What dietary recommendation is typically suggested for managing hereditary hemochromatosis?
What dietary recommendation is typically suggested for managing hereditary hemochromatosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes normocytic-normochromic anemias from other types of anemia?
What distinguishes normocytic-normochromic anemias from other types of anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of Infectious Mononucleosis?
What is the primary cause of Infectious Mononucleosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells?
Which condition is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common symptom of Leukemia?
Which of the following is a common symptom of Leukemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of antibodies does the Monospot test detect for diagnosing Infectious Mononucleosis?
What type of antibodies does the Monospot test detect for diagnosing Infectious Mononucleosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following treatments is commonly used for Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Which of the following treatments is commonly used for Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a defining feature of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
What is a defining feature of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes a decrease in neutrophils in the blood?
What term describes a decrease in neutrophils in the blood?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Infectious Mononucleosis?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Infectious Mononucleosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of symptoms such as hypercalcemia and skeletal pain in multiple myeloma?
What is the primary cause of symptoms such as hypercalcemia and skeletal pain in multiple myeloma?
Signup and view all the answers
Which diagnostic test is most commonly used to identify the presence of malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma?
Which diagnostic test is most commonly used to identify the presence of malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma?
Signup and view all the answers
What treatment is typically employed to manage splenomegaly caused by hypersplenism?
What treatment is typically employed to manage splenomegaly caused by hypersplenism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is characterized by an enlarged spleen that may lead to serious complications like rupture?
Which condition is characterized by an enlarged spleen that may lead to serious complications like rupture?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key clinical manifestation of hypersplenism?
What is a key clinical manifestation of hypersplenism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements is true about Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
Which of the following statements is true about Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common cause of impaired hemostasis?
What is a common cause of impaired hemostasis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following symptoms is associated with DIC?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with DIC?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the underlying mechanism in Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)?
What is the underlying mechanism in Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is classified as a consumptive thrombohemorrhagic disorder?
Which of the following conditions is classified as a consumptive thrombohemorrhagic disorder?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common clinical manifestation of polycythemia vera?
What is a common clinical manifestation of polycythemia vera?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of anemia is characterized by insufficient iron uptake and abnormal hemoglobin synthesis?
Which type of anemia is characterized by insufficient iron uptake and abnormal hemoglobin synthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is characterized by abnormally small red blood cells and reduced hemoglobin content?
What condition is characterized by abnormally small red blood cells and reduced hemoglobin content?
Signup and view all the answers
What primarily characterizes macrocytic-normochromic anemias?
What primarily characterizes macrocytic-normochromic anemias?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a symptom associated with hereditary hemochromatosis?
Which of the following is a symptom associated with hereditary hemochromatosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary treatment for iron deficiency anemia?
What is the primary treatment for iron deficiency anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement describes pernicious anemia?
Which statement describes pernicious anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of anemia is characterized by small, pale red blood cells?
Which type of anemia is characterized by small, pale red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about leukopenia is true?
Which of the following statements about leukopenia is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What symptom is typically associated with late vitamin B12 deficiency?
What symptom is typically associated with late vitamin B12 deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common treatment approach for anemia?
What is a common treatment approach for anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What symptom is typically associated with anemia due to reduced oxygen carrying capacity?
What symptom is typically associated with anemia due to reduced oxygen carrying capacity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is characterized by reduced production of mature blood cells?
Which condition is characterized by reduced production of mature blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition can result from impaired red blood cell production?
What condition can result from impaired red blood cell production?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an important factor in the classification of anemia?
What is an important factor in the classification of anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following can contribute to hypoxemia in anemia?
Which of the following can contribute to hypoxemia in anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary infectious agent commonly responsible for Infectious Mononucleosis?
What is the primary infectious agent commonly responsible for Infectious Mononucleosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with Leukemia?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with Leukemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of lymphoma is specifically characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells?
Which type of lymphoma is specifically characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is characterized by both a high level of neutrophils and symptoms of infection?
What condition is characterized by both a high level of neutrophils and symptoms of infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common diagnostic test for confirming Infectious Mononucleosis?
What is a common diagnostic test for confirming Infectious Mononucleosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes a potential complication of Leukemia?
Which of the following describes a potential complication of Leukemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which treatment is commonly employed for management of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Which treatment is commonly employed for management of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common feature linked to Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
What is a common feature linked to Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Multiple Myeloma
- A malignant proliferation of plasma cells that infiltrate the bone marrow and aggregate into tumor masses in the skeletal system.
- Symptoms include skeletal pain, osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, spinal cord compression, pancytopenia, and renal failure.
- Diagnosis is confirmed through bone marrow biopsy, immunoglobulin levels (M protein), x-ray (bone erosion), and Bence Jones protein (urine test).
- Treatment involves chemotherapy, medications to protect bones, radiation therapy, and pain management.
Alterations of Splenic Function
- The spleen plays a crucial role in phagocytosis of blood cells, antibody production, and blood storage.
- Splenomegaly refers to an enlarged spleen and can be an early sign of an underlying condition.
- Congestive splenomegaly, often seen in hepatic cirrhosis, is characterized by an overfilled spleen, susceptible to rupture. It is accompanied by ascites, portal hypertension, and esophageal varices.
- Hypersplenism describes overactive splenic functions, leading to clinical manifestations like cytopenias and splenomegaly.
- Treatment for hypersplenism often involves a splenectomy (surgical removal of the spleen).
Alteration in Platelet Count - Thrombocytopenia
- A platelet count below 150 x 10^9/L is considered thrombocytopenia.
- Symptoms typically appear when the platelet count falls below 100 x 10^9/L, leading to abnormal bleeding even with minor trauma.
- Severe thrombocytopenia (below 20 x 10^9/L) can cause spontaneous major bleeding episodes.
- Causes include hypersplenism, autoimmune disease, hypothermia, and viral or bacterial infections leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
- Clinical manifestations include spontaneous petechiae and purpura, bleeding from the GI, GU and pulmonary mucosa, and gum bleeding.
- Treatment includes addressing the underlying cause and platelet transfusions.
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)
- A potentially severe adverse reaction caused by heparin, usually IV heparin, but may occur with LMWH.
- It is an immune-mediated reaction where IgG antibodies destroy platelets.
- Clinical manifestations include venous and arterial thrombosis. It also presents similar symptoms to thrombocytopenia, such as bleeding.
- PTT and INR measures are used to monitor coagulation times, PTT for heparin and INR for warfarin.
Thrombocythemia
- A disease where the bone marrow produces too many platelets, leading to difficulty in normal blood clotting.
- Microvascular thrombosis or hemorrhage can occur.
- Characterized by platelet counts greater than 400 x 10^9/L.
- Primary thrombocythemia is due to overproduction of megakaryocyte cells.
- Secondary thrombocythemia can occur after splenectomy due to the lack of a platelet storage area.
Disorders of Coagulation
Impaired Hemostasis
- Resulting from defects or deficiencies in one or more clotting factors.
- Can be inherited, like hemophilia and von Willebrand's disease.
- Acquired defects include deficient synthesis of clotting factors by the liver, associated with liver disease or dietary deficiency of vitamin K.
Consumptive Thrombohemorrhagic Disorders
- Characterized by both hemorrhagic and thrombotic pathological findings.
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a primary example.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- A complex, acquired disorder where clotting and hemorrhage occur simultaneously.
- Damage to the vascular endothelium triggers clot formation to repair the damage.
- Fibrin clots form in medium and small vessels, obstructing blood flow to organs and leading to multiple organ failure, particularly in the kidneys and lungs.
- Consumption of platelets exacerbates bleeding from other sources.
- Etiology includes sepsis, pregnancy complications, infections, trauma, liver disease, and hypoxia.
- Symptoms include bleeding from venipuncture sites and arterial lines, purpura, petechiae, hematomas, symmetrical cyanosis of the fingers and toes, and hypovolemic shock.
- Treatment aims to address the underlying cause, control ongoing thrombosis, and maintain organ function.
Thromboembolic Disorders
- Arterial or venous thrombi formation.
- Virchow's Triad outlines the key factors contributing to thrombosis:
- Endothelial damage
- Abnormalities of blood flow
- Hypercoagulability
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
- Thrombocytopenia caused by immunologic platelet destruction.
- Can be acute (following viral infection) or chronic (linked to immunological disorders).
- Symptoms are similar to thrombocytopenia, often leading to a vitamin B12 deficiency.
- Early symptoms are nonspecific and vague.
- Late symptoms, when hemoglobin levels are 70 to 80 g/L, include weakness, fatigue, paresthesia, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, weight loss, sore tongue, jaundice, and symptoms of right heart failure.
- Treatment involves high oral doses of vitamin B12 and potentially lifelong treatment.
Microcytic-Hypochromic Anemias
- Characterized by abnormally small RBCs with reduced hemoglobin content.
- Associated with disorders of iron metabolism and decreased oxygen-carrying capacity.
- Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type worldwide.
- Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale palms, and conjunctiva.
- Sideroblastic anemia, due to insufficient iron uptake, presents with similar symptoms.
- Treatment focuses on increased dietary iron intake or IV iron infusions.
Normocytic-Normochromic Anemias
- Characterized by RBCs of normal size and hemoglobin content, but insufficient in number.
- Includes aplastic anemia, where the bone marrow fails to produce mature blood cells,
- Insufficient erythropoiesis is often autoimmune in nature.
- Clinical manifestations include hypoxemia, pallor, weakness, fever, GI bleeding, and purpura.
Erythrocyte Excess
- Polycythemia, characterized by excessive RBC production.
- Relative polycythemia is caused by an underlying condition.
- Absolute polycythemia, also known as polycythemia vera, involves abnormal proliferation of bone marrow stem cells.
Polycythemia Vera
- Characterized by an overproduction of bone marrow stem cells.
- Increases hypercoagulability, rendering patients more prone to blood clots.
- Etiology remains unknown.
Iron Excess
- Hereditary Hemochromatosis: an autosomal recessive disorder of iron metabolism leading to iron overload.
- Excess iron accumulation in the skin, heart, liver, pancreas, pituitary gland, and joints can damage tissues and organs.
- Symptoms include fatigue, malaise, abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, abnormal liver enzymes, and cardiomegaly.
- Treatment involves dietary management, limiting red meat consumption.
Alterations of Leukocyte Function
- Leukocytosis: high white blood cell count, commonly associated with infection.
- Leukopenia: low white blood cell count, increasing susceptibility to infections.
- "-philia" indicates an increase in a specific type of granulocyte, while "-penia" indicates a decrease.
- For example, neutrophilia refers to an elevated neutrophil count, while neutropenia refers to a decreased neutrophil count.
Infectious Mononucleosis (IM) "Mono"
- An acute, self-limiting infection of B-lymphocytes, transmitted through saliva via personal contact.
- Primarily caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
- Symptoms include fever, sore throat, swollen cervical lymph nodes, and increased lymphocyte count.
- Serious complications are uncommon (splenic rupture).
- Diagnosed through the Monospot qualitative test for heterophilic antibodies.
- Treatment is supportive, focusing on rest, analgesics, and antipyretics.
Leukemias
- Malignant disorders of the blood characterized by irregular production of white blood cells, obstructing the bone marrow and inhibiting hematopoiesis.
- Pancytopenia, a decrease in all three cell lines (RBCs, platelets, and WBCs), is characteristic.
- Classified based on cell maturation at disease onset (acute vs. chronic), type of leukocyte involved, and origin (myelogenous or lymphocytic).
Signs and Symptoms of Leukemia
- Anemia, bleeding (petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis, hemorrhage), and infections.
- Additional symptoms include weight loss, bone pain, and elevated uric acid due to increased protein and nucleic acid catabolism and dehydration.
- Liver, spleen, and lymph node enlargement are common findings.
- Treatment involves chemotherapy, supportive management (blood transfusions, antibiotics), stem cell transplants, and bone marrow transplants.
Lymphadenopathy
- Enlarged lymph nodes that become palpable and tender.
- Localized lymphadenopathy: drainage from an area associated with inflammation or infection, indicating a reactive lymph node.
- Generalized lymphadenopathy: associated with both malignant and non-malignant diseases.
- A relevant finding in both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
- Characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph nodes.
- Reed-Sternberg cells are essential for diagnosis but are not specific to Hodgkin's lymphoma.
- Physical findings include adenopathy, mediastinal mass, splenomegaly, and abdominal mass.
- Symptoms: fever, weight loss, night sweats, and pruritus (itching).
- Early diagnosis and treatment offer a high cure rate for adult Hodgkin's lymphoma.
- Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- A broad category of lymphomas classified based on cell type (T, B, NK).
- Linked to chromosome translocations.
- Risk factors include older age, male sex, white race, certain immune disorders, HIV/AIDS, immunosuppression, environmental exposures, certain viruses, and diet high in meats and fats.
Multiple Myeloma
- Malignant proliferation of plasma cells infiltrating bone marrow and aggregating in the skeletal system
- Symptoms include skeletal pain progressing to osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, and spinal cord compression, pancytopenia, and renal failure
- Diagnosis through bone marrow biopsy, immunoglobulin levels (M protein), x-ray (bone erosion), and Bence Jones protein (urine test)
- Treatment includes chemotherapy, bone-protecting medications, radiation therapy, and pain management
Alterations of Splenic Function
- The spleen phagocytizes blood cells, produces antibodies, and stores blood
- Splenomegaly is an enlarged spleen, often an early sign of an underlying condition, susceptible to rupture if overfilled with blood
- Congestive splenomegaly in hepatic cirrhosis presents with ascites, portal hypertension, and esophageal varices
- Hypersplenism is overactive splenic function resulting in cytopenias and splenomegaly
- Treatment for hypersplenism may include splenectomy (surgical spleen removal)
Impaired Hemostasis
- Caused by defects or deficiencies in clotting factors
- Hemophilias and von Willebrand's disease are inherited
- Acquired defects include deficient clotting factor synthesis in the liver due to liver disease or vitamin K deficiency (from insufficient green leafy vegetables)
Consumptive Thrombohemorrhagic Disorders
- Hemorrhagic and thrombotic pathological findings
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a complex acquired disorder with simultaneous clotting and hemorrhage
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- Damage to vascular endothelium leads to clot formation to repair the damage, creating fibrin clots in small and medium vessels
- These clots block blood flow to organs causing multiple organ failure (kidney and lungs)
- Platelet consumption exacerbates bleeding from other sources
- Imbalance between the coagulant system and the fibrinolytic system
- Etiology: sepsis, pregnancy complications, infections, trauma, liver disease, hypoxia
- Symptoms include bleeding from venipuncture sites and arterial lines, purpura, petechiae, hematomas, symmetrical cyanosis of fingers and toes, and hypovolemic shock
- Treatment focuses on correcting the underlying cause, controlling ongoing thrombosis, and maintaining organ function
Thromboembolic Disorders
- Arterial or venous thrombi formation
- Virchow's Triad (factors contributing to thrombosis): (1) Endothelial damage, (2) Abnormal blood flow (stasis), (3) Hypercoagulability
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
- Thrombocytopenia caused by immune-mediated platelet destruction
- Acute ITP follows viral infections, while chronic ITP is linked to immunological disorders
- Symptoms relate to decreased platelets
- Diagnostic tests include platelet count and bone marrow study
- Treatment involves IV immunoglobulin (IVIg) infusion to suppress anti-platelet antibodies
Erythrocyte Deficiencies - Anemia
- Anemia is a reduction in circulating RBC, or decreased hemoglobin quality/quantity
- Causes: impaired RBC production, blood loss (acute/chronic), increased RBC destruction, or combinations of these factors
- Classified by cause, RBC size (-cytic), or hemoglobin content (-chromic)
- Macrocytic-normochromic anemia (pernicious anemia), microcytic-hypochromic anemia, sideroblastic anemia, and normocytic-normochromic anemia are discussed
Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Anemias
- Reduced oxygen carrying capacity leading to tissue hypoxia and potential complications like heart failure and respiratory symptoms
- Classic anemia symptoms include fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, and pallor
- Treatment addresses the underlying cause, provides symptom relief, and may include blood transfusions, dietary correction, or supplemental vitamins/iron
Macrocytic-Normochromic Anemias
- Characterized by large stem cells maturing into unusually large RBCs
- Defective DNA synthesis in RBCs due to vitamin B12 deficiency leads to premature RBC death (eryptosis) and bilirubin release causing jaundice
Pernicious Anemia
- Lack of intrinsic factor (from gastric parietal cells) required for vitamin B12 absorption
- Results from autoimmune gastritis or previous H. pylori infection
- Early symptoms are nonspecific and vague
- Late symptoms (hemoglobin 70-80 g/L) include weakness, fatigue, paresthesia, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, weight loss, sore tongue, jaundice, and right heart failure symptoms
- Treatment involves high oral doses of vitamin B12 and lifelong maintenance therapy
Microcytic-Hypochromic Anemias
- Characterized by abnormally small RBCs with low hemoglobin content
- Related to iron metabolism disorders
- Decreased oxygen carrying ability
Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Most common anemia worldwide
- Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pale palms/conjunctiva
Sideroblastic Anemia
- Insufficient iron uptake leads to abnormal hemoglobin synthesis
- Symptoms are similar to iron deficiency anemia
- Treatment includes increased dietary iron intake or IV iron infusions
Normocytic-Normochromic Anemias
- RBCs are normal in size and hemoglobin content but insufficient in number
- Aplastic anemia (inability to produce mature blood cells) or insufficient erythropoiesis due to autoimmune factors are causes
- Clinical manifestations: hypoxemia, pallor, weakness, fever, GI bleeding, and purpura
Erythrocyte Excess
- Polycythemia is excessive RBC production
- Relative polycythemia is caused by an underlying condition
- Absolute polycythemia is called polycythemia vera
Polycythemia Vera
- Abnormal proliferation of bone marrow stem cells causing hypercoagulability, increasing the risk of thrombosis
- Etiology unknown
Iron Excess
- Hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive iron metabolism disorder
- Iron overload is toxic and damaging to the skin, heart, liver, pancreas, pituitary gland, and joints
- Symptoms include fatigue, malaise, abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, abnormal liver enzymes, and cardiomegaly
- Treatment includes dietary management to reduce red meat consumption
Alterations of Leukocyte Function
- Leukocytosis is an elevated white blood cell count, often seen with infection
- Leukopenia is a low white blood cell count, increasing susceptibility to infections
- philia indicates an increase in a specific type of leukocyte (e.g., neutrophilia)
- penia indicates a decrease in a specific type of leukocyte (e.g., neutropenia)
Infectious Mononucleosis (IM) "Mono"
- Acute, self-limiting infection of B-lymphocytes spread through saliva via personal contact
- Typically caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
- Symptoms: fever, sore throat, swollen cervical lymph nodes, increased lymphocyte count
- Rare complications include splenic rupture
- Diagnosis through Monospot test for heterophilic antibodies
- Treatment is supportive with rest, analgesics, and antipyretics
Leukemias
- Malignant disorder of the blood marked by irregular WBC production, obstructing the bone marrow and preventing hematopoiesis
- Pancytopenia affects all three cell lines (RBC, platelets, WBC)
- Classified as acute or chronic (based on cell maturation) and by leukocyte type
- Myelogenous leukemia arises in bone marrow, while lymphocytic leukemia originates in lymphocytes
Signs and Symptoms of Leukemia
- Anemia, bleeding (petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis, hemorrhage), infection, weight loss, bone pain, elevated uric acid (due to protein/nucleic acid catabolism and dehydration), and enlarged liver, spleen, and lymph nodes
- Treatment includes chemotherapy, supportive management with blood transfusions, antibiotics, and stem cell/bone marrow transplants
Lymphadenopathy
- Enlarged, palpable, and tender lymph nodes
- Local lymphadenopathy arises from inflammatory or infectious processes near the enlarged node
- General lymphadenopathy occurs with malignant or nonmalignant disease
- Relevant finding in Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
- Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph nodes
- Reed-Sternberg cells are diagnostic but not specific to Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Physical findings: adenopathy, mediastinal mass, splenomegaly, abdominal mass
- Symptoms include fever, weight loss, night sweats, and pruritus
- Adult Hodgkin's lymphoma is usually curable with early diagnosis and treatment -Treatment includes chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Diverse group of lymphomas, classified by cell type (T, B, NK)
- Associated with chromosome translocations
- Risk factors: older age, male gender, white ethnicity, immune disorders, HIV/AIDS, immunosuppression, environmental exposures, certain viruses, high meat/fat diet
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the critical aspects of Multiple Myeloma, a malignant condition characterized by plasma cell proliferation, and alterations in splenic function. Understand the diagnostic processes, symptoms, and treatments involved in managing these health issues. This quiz encompasses essential medical knowledge crucial for healthcare professionals.
