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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What did Noam Chomsky emphasize in relation to language development?
What did Noam Chomsky emphasize in relation to language development?
- Biological determinism (correct)
- Environmental factors
- Cultural influences
- Societal norms
Which theorist is associated with the concept of linguistic relativity?
Which theorist is associated with the concept of linguistic relativity?
- Noam Chomsky
- B.F. Skinner
- Fach
- Benjamin Lee Whorf (correct)
What is the significance of phonemes in language?
What is the significance of phonemes in language?
- They represent the syntax of a sentence
- They govern the rules of grammar
- They determine the cultural influences on language
- They are the smallest speech units that can be distinguished perceptually (correct)
What determines the nature of one's thought?
What determines the nature of one's thought?
What is the notable feature of bilingualism?
What is the notable feature of bilingualism?
How are languages structured according to the text?
How are languages structured according to the text?
At what age do most children begin to appreciate irony?
At what age do most children begin to appreciate irony?
What is metalinguistic awareness?
What is metalinguistic awareness?
What occurs when children are learning grammar and make mistakes like saying 'runned' instead of 'ran'?
What occurs when children are learning grammar and make mistakes like saying 'runned' instead of 'ran'?
When do children start combining words?
When do children start combining words?
What is the term used for the early sentences resembling telegrams due to omitting less critical words?
What is the term used for the early sentences resembling telegrams due to omitting less critical words?
What is the first type of vocabulary children typically acquire according to the text?
What is the first type of vocabulary children typically acquire according to the text?
What are some cognitive benefits associated with bilingualism?
What are some cognitive benefits associated with bilingualism?
How do bilingual individuals differ in terms of cognitive control compared to monolingual individuals?
How do bilingual individuals differ in terms of cognitive control compared to monolingual individuals?
What advantage do bilingual adults have in cognitive tasks according to the text?
What advantage do bilingual adults have in cognitive tasks according to the text?
How does bilingualism potentially delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease symptoms?
How does bilingualism potentially delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease symptoms?
What is a possible benefit of being raised in a bilingual home environment according to the text?
What is a possible benefit of being raised in a bilingual home environment according to the text?
How do bilingual patients compare with monolingual patients in terms of dementia onset according to the text?
How do bilingual patients compare with monolingual patients in terms of dementia onset according to the text?
Which term describes when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to?
Which term describes when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to?
What is the process by which children map onto an underlying concept after exposure?
What is the process by which children map onto an underlying concept after exposure?
What occurs when grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply?
What occurs when grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply?
Who argues that human infants are well prepared to learn language and have perceptual biases that facilitate language acquisition?
Who argues that human infants are well prepared to learn language and have perceptual biases that facilitate language acquisition?
At what age does overextension typically appear in children according to the text?
At what age does overextension typically appear in children according to the text?
By grade 5, what is the average vocabulary size of an average child according to the text?
By grade 5, what is the average vocabulary size of an average child according to the text?
What is the main issue with Whorf's hypothesis?
What is the main issue with Whorf's hypothesis?
During which period did psychology initially concentrate on the mind and utilize introspection?
During which period did psychology initially concentrate on the mind and utilize introspection?
What advantage does bilingualism offer in terms of total vocabulary compared to monolingual children?
What advantage does bilingualism offer in terms of total vocabulary compared to monolingual children?
What method do chimps utilize to communicate since they lack the proper vocal apparatus for human speech?
What method do chimps utilize to communicate since they lack the proper vocal apparatus for human speech?
Steven Pinker argues that human language ability is:
Steven Pinker argues that human language ability is:
What distinguishes humans' talent for language according to Steven Pinker?
What distinguishes humans' talent for language according to Steven Pinker?
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Bilingualism and Language Development
- Bilingual children develop higher cognitive flexibility, analytical reasoning, selective attention, and metalinguistic awareness.
- Bilinguals show delayed decline in cognitive abilities, with a 4-year delay in the onset of Alzheimer's disease.
- Bilingual children develop better attentional control and executive control, which persists into adulthood and old age.
Language Acquisition
- Infants and "crib bilingual" show enhanced ability to control and switch attention when raised in a bilingual home environment.
- Children start combining words by the end of their 2nd year, with early sentences being telegraphic.
- Overregularizations and under-extensions occur when children incorrectly apply grammatical rules or use words too narrowly or broadly.
Theories of Language
- Behaviourist Theories, Nativist Theories, and Interactionist Theories are different approaches to understanding language development.
- Noam Chomsky emphasized the role of biology in language development, while B.F. Skinner argued that environmental factors govern language development.
Morphemes and Phonemes
- Morphemes are the smallest units of language, with around 50,000 in English.
- Phonemes are the smallest speech units, with around 40 in English.
Language and Thought
- The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that language influences thought and perception.
- Different languages can lead to different perceptions of the world, with examples including colour categorization and vocabulary for snow.
Refining Language Skills
- The largest strides in language development occur in the first 4-5 years, with most children developing metalinguistic awareness by age 6-8.
- Children begin to play with language, creating puns, metaphors, and jokes, and appreciate irony.
Animals and Language
- Chimpanzees can use American Sign Language (ASL) and geometric symbols to represent words.
- Humans' special talent for language is a species-specific trait that is the product of natural selection.
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