Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM)

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Questions and Answers

What mechanism primarily transfers information from the sensory register (SR) to short-term memory (STM)?

  • Attention (correct)
  • Acoustic Coding
  • Elaboration
  • Repetition

Information in short-term memory (STM) is primarily coded semantically.

False (B)

According to Miller's research, what is the approximate capacity of short-term memory?

7 plus or minus 2 items

To transfer information from STM to LTM, it must be ________ .

<p>rehearsed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of rehearsal involves a deeper level of processing, such as learning lines for a play?

<p>Elaborative rehearsal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Short-term memory (STM) has an unlimited duration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the memory store with its corresponding duration:

<p>Sensory Register (SR) = Milliseconds Short-Term Memory (STM) = Around 18 seconds Long-Term Memory (LTM) = Permanent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action exemplifies the use of short-term memory (STM)?

<p>Remembering someone's name immediately after being introduced. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order of memory stores according to the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

<p>Sensory register, short-term memory, long-term memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sensory register has a limited capacity and can only hold a small amount of information.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Multi-Store Model, what are the three main memory stores?

<p>sensory register, short-term memory, long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sensory register, visual information is coded in the _______ memory.

<p>iconic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the memory store with its corresponding coding type:

<p>Sensory Register = Modality-specific Short-term Memory = Acoustic Long-term Memory = Semantic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological process best describes how information is encoded in the sensory register?

<p>Modality-specific Coding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the MSM, information always proceeds linearly from the Sensory Register to Short-Term Memory regardless of attention.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sensory memory stores is responsible for holding auditory information?

<p>Echoic Memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is primarily associated with procedural memory?

<p>Cerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Case studies provide strong generalizable evidence applicable to the wider population regarding long-term memory (LTM) stores.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why the overlap between episodic and semantic memories (e.g., learning French at school) suggests that long-term memory is more complex than a purely separate-stores model.

<p>The crossover implies interconnectedness, with episodic memories providing context for semantic knowledge, thus complicating clear distinctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amnesia, specifically the case where a person retains procedural memories (like playing the piano) but loses the ability to recall personal experiences, indicates damage to the ________.

<p>hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of long-term memory (LTM) with its associated brain area:

<p>Episodic Memory = Hippocampus Semantic Memory = Temporal Lobe Procedural Memory = Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the coding process in Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

<p>Semantically, based on meaning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The capacity of long-term memory (LTM) is limited, meaning it can only hold a finite amount of information.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the process of accessing information from long-term memory (LTM) and transferring it to short-term memory (STM)?

<p>retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

The duration of long-term memory is thought to be for the ______ of each individual.

<p>lifetime</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to research, why might some long-term memories become unavailable?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research using brain scanning techniques indicates that STM and LTM are stored in the same brain regions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scientists with their contribution to memory research.

<p>Baddeley = Studied the coding of STM and LTM using word lists. HM = Case study demonstrating the separation of STM and LTM after brain surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation of the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory, according to research?

<p>The MSM may be too simple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of long-term memory is most closely associated with recalling personal experiences or events?

<p>Episodic memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Semantic memories are typically time-stamped, indicating when the information was initially learned.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a procedural memory.

<p>Riding a bike, tying a shoelace, driving a car</p> Signup and view all the answers

The case study of HM showed that brain damage affected his ______ memory, while his semantic and procedural memories remained intact.

<p>episodic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of long-term memory with its description:

<p>Episodic memory = Recalling personal events and experiences Semantic memory = Knowing facts and concepts Procedural memory = Knowing how to perform tasks and skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the key characteristic of procedural memory?

<p>It is formed from lots of practice and rehearsal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clive Wearing's case demonstrated that damage to the brain can eliminate all forms of long-term memory.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of using artificial tasks, such as recalling a string of digits or letters, in memory research?

<p>They may lack ecological validity, limiting the application of findings to real-world memory situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If someone can recall the capital of France but cannot remember what they ate for dinner last night, which type of memory is relatively intact?

<p>Semantic memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The multi-store model (MSM) of memory fully explains how information is remembered without rehearsal.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what are the three stores that long-term memory consists of?

<p>Episodic, semantic, and procedural</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ memories involve personal events and experiences that have happened to an individual and are often linked to a specific time and location.

<p>Episodic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of long-term memory with their descriptions:

<p>Episodic = Memory of specific events and experiences in a person's life Semantic = Memory of general knowledge, facts, and concepts Procedural = Memory of how to perform different actions and skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies an episodic memory?

<p>Recalling your high school graduation ceremony. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Working Memory Model supports the idea that:

<p>STM has multiple components. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Baddeley's (1966) research used artificial stimuli. One implication of this methodology is:

<p>Reduced ecological validity due to the artificial nature of the stimuli. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sensory Register (SR)

A memory store that holds sensory information for milliseconds.

Attention

The process that enables information to move from SR to short-term memory (STM).

Short-Term Memory (STM)

A memory store used for immediate tasks, lasting around 18 seconds without rehearsal.

Coding in STM

Information in short-term memory is typically stored acoustically, according to Baddeley.

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Capacity of STM

The STM can hold about 5 to 9 items at once, known as Miller's magic number 7.

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Duration of STM

Short-term memory lasts approximately 18 seconds unless rehearsed.

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Rehearsal

The process required to transfer information from STM to long-term memory (LTM).

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Long-Term Memory (LTM)

A permanent memory store for past events or items.

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Multi-store Model of Memory (MSM)

A model explaining how memories are created and stored in three distinct stores.

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Sensory register

The initial memory store that holds all sensory information briefly.

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Types of sensory registers

Specific stores for each sense: Iconic for sight, Echoic for sound.

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Coding in Sensory Register

The way memories are stored, based on the sense involved; e.g., visual or acoustic.

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Modality-specific coding

Memory coding that varies according to the sensory modality.

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Capacity of Sensory Register

Refers to the large amount of data that can be held in sensory memory.

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Iconic memory

The visual register for storing visual memories quickly.

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Echoic memory

The auditory register for holding sounds for a short time.

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Retrieval

The process of accessing information from long-term memory (LTM) to short-term memory (STM).

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H.M. Case Study

A case study showing the distinction between STM and LTM; after surgery, H.M. could not form new LTM but retained old memories.

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Strengths of MSM

The multi-store model of memory is supported by controlled studies indicating separate stores for STM and LTM.

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Limitations of MSM

The multi-store model may oversimplify memory; STM and LTM might consist of multiple stores, not just one each.

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Brain Regions in Memory

Research shows that STM and LTM may be stored in different brain regions, explaining their varying durations.

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Working Memory Model

A model outlining the components of short-term memory, including five elements.

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Artificial stimuli

Use of non-meaningful tasks in memory research, like recalling digits.

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Ecological validity

The extent to which research findings can be generalized to real-life situations.

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Episodic Memory

A type of long-term memory involving personal experiences and events, often time-stamped.

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Semantic Memory

A type of long-term memory for facts and knowledge, independent of personal experience.

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Procedural Memory

A type of long-term memory for skills and tasks, like riding a bike or typing.

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Non-time-stamped Memories

Memories that do not have specific time markers, like facts.

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Impact of Hippocampus

The hippocampus is vital for forming episodic memories.

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Clive Wearing Case Study

A case that illustrates retention of procedural memory despite memory loss.

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Examples of Semantic Memory

Knowledge like 'Paris is the capital of France' or '2 x 10 = 20'.

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Role of Practice in Procedural Memory

Skills are learned through repeated practice and rehearsal.

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Hippocampus

Brain structure associated with episodic memory formation and retrieval.

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Limitations of Case Studies

Findings from case studies cannot represent wider populations, reducing generalizability.

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Study Notes

Multi-store Model of Memory (MSM)

  • MSM proposes a system for how memories are created and stored.
  • There are three memory stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).
  • The stores are interconnected by processes allowing information flow between them.

Sensory Register (SR)

  • The SR is where sensory information from the environment is initially processed.
  • It has several sub-registers, each connected to a specific sense (e.g., iconic memory for visual information, echoic memory for auditory information).
  • Coding is modality-specific, meaning the format of the stored information depends on the sensory input.
  • Capacity is very high, holding vast amounts of sensory data.
  • Duration is extremely brief (milliseconds), allowing only a small amount of information to be passed to STM if attended to.
  • Attention plays a crucial role in selecting information from the sensory register to move to STM.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

  • Information from the sensory register enters STM through attention.
  • STM is a temporary storage system for information that is currently being used or actively considered.
  • Coding is primarily acoustic (audio-based).
  • Capacity is limited to around 7 ± 2 items.
  • Duration is limited to approximately 18 seconds without rehearsal.
  • Rehearsal (repeating the information) keeps it in STM, allowing it to be transferred to LTM.
  • Maintenance rehearsal is simply repeating the information, whereas elaborative rehearsal involves deeper processing.

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

  • LTM stores information for a long duration (potentially a lifetime).
  • Coding is semantic (based on the meaning of the information).
  • Capacity is potentially unlimited.
  • Retrieval involves transferring information from LTM into STM to be consciously used.

Types of Long-Term Memory

  • Episodic memory: personal experiences and events.
    • This includes details like time, place, emotions, and associated context.
  • Semantic memory: facts and general knowledge.
    • Examples: capitals of countries, scientific facts, etc.
  • Procedural memory: skills and actions.
    • Examples: riding a bike, tying your shoes, etc.

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