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Questions and Answers
Which memory store is associated with a capacity of 7 +/- 2 items?
Which memory store is associated with a capacity of 7 +/- 2 items?
The sensory memory has an unlimited duration.
The sensory memory has an unlimited duration.
False (B)
What is the process called that helps maintain information in the short-term memory?
What is the process called that helps maintain information in the short-term memory?
Rehearsal
The ______________ effect refers to the tendency to recall the first items in a list better than those in the middle.
The ______________ effect refers to the tendency to recall the first items in a list better than those in the middle.
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Match the memory types with their characteristics:
Match the memory types with their characteristics:
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What type of encoding is primarily used for long-term memory?
What type of encoding is primarily used for long-term memory?
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The echoic register is responsible for processing touch information.
The echoic register is responsible for processing touch information.
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Who conducted research that supported the differentiation between short-term and long-term memory?
Who conducted research that supported the differentiation between short-term and long-term memory?
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What percentage of true stories were recalled correctly by participants?
What percentage of true stories were recalled correctly by participants?
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False memories cannot be created from suggestions and misleading information.
False memories cannot be created from suggestions and misleading information.
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What technique is primarily used by the police to aid eyewitnesses in recalling information?
What technique is primarily used by the police to aid eyewitnesses in recalling information?
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Gabbert et al. (2003) found that a '_______ effect' occurs when co-witnesses reach a consensus view of what they think happened.
Gabbert et al. (2003) found that a '_______ effect' occurs when co-witnesses reach a consensus view of what they think happened.
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Match the following research studies with their findings:
Match the following research studies with their findings:
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What is one method mentioned that helps reduce witness anxiety during a cognitive interview?
What is one method mentioned that helps reduce witness anxiety during a cognitive interview?
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The cognitive interview technique is based on the idea that multiple retrieval paths exist to retrieve memories.
The cognitive interview technique is based on the idea that multiple retrieval paths exist to retrieve memories.
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In Fisher et al.'s study, who were the participants interviewed?
In Fisher et al.'s study, who were the participants interviewed?
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Which part of the brain is primarily associated with episodic memory?
Which part of the brain is primarily associated with episodic memory?
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Semantic memory and procedural memory are stored in the same brain region.
Semantic memory and procedural memory are stored in the same brain region.
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What type of memory was HM able to form despite his brain damage?
What type of memory was HM able to form despite his brain damage?
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According to the working memory model, the 'Central Executive' __________ to various tasks.
According to the working memory model, the 'Central Executive' __________ to various tasks.
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Match the types of memory to their brain regions:
Match the types of memory to their brain regions:
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Which component of working memory is responsible for processing speech-based information?
Which component of working memory is responsible for processing speech-based information?
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The episodic buffer has a separate storage capacity from the Central Executive.
The episodic buffer has a separate storage capacity from the Central Executive.
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What effect does proactive interference have on memory recall?
What effect does proactive interference have on memory recall?
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Memory code decay is often referred to as __________ decay.
Memory code decay is often referred to as __________ decay.
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the Working Memory Model?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the Working Memory Model?
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Courtney could form new episodic memories after her brain surgery, demonstrating that episodic memories can be retained.
Courtney could form new episodic memories after her brain surgery, demonstrating that episodic memories can be retained.
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What is the role of the inner-scribe in the Visuospatial Sketchpad?
What is the role of the inner-scribe in the Visuospatial Sketchpad?
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The __________ lobe is primarily connected to semantic memory.
The __________ lobe is primarily connected to semantic memory.
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Match the interference types to their definitions:
Match the interference types to their definitions:
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What theory explains that new learning replaces the old learning?
What theory explains that new learning replaces the old learning?
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Retroactive interference occurs when earlier memories disrupt the recall of newer ones.
Retroactive interference occurs when earlier memories disrupt the recall of newer ones.
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Who identified retroactive interference through a study with syllables?
Who identified retroactive interference through a study with syllables?
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Tulving's __________ principle suggests that recall is affected if the context is different from when the memory was encoded.
Tulving's __________ principle suggests that recall is affected if the context is different from when the memory was encoded.
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Which type of failure relates to the external environment affecting memory recall?
Which type of failure relates to the external environment affecting memory recall?
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What is the primary function of the hippocampus in memory processing?
What is the primary function of the hippocampus in memory processing?
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The multi-store memory model suggests that short-term and long-term memory are the same types of memory.
The multi-store memory model suggests that short-term and long-term memory are the same types of memory.
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State-dependent failure can occur when a person's internal state during recall is different from when the memory was formed.
State-dependent failure can occur when a person's internal state during recall is different from when the memory was formed.
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What type of memory is associated with knowing how to perform tasks such as swimming or riding a bike?
What type of memory is associated with knowing how to perform tasks such as swimming or riding a bike?
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What did Abernethy find regarding memory recall in relation to familiar settings?
What did Abernethy find regarding memory recall in relation to familiar settings?
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Loftus and Palmer's study demonstrated how __________ questions can influence memory recall.
Loftus and Palmer's study demonstrated how __________ questions can influence memory recall.
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Episodic memories are often enhanced by strong __________ at the time of coding.
Episodic memories are often enhanced by strong __________ at the time of coding.
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In Loftus and Palmer's study, which verb resulted in the highest speed estimate?
In Loftus and Palmer's study, which verb resulted in the highest speed estimate?
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Match the types of long-term memory with their descriptions:
Match the types of long-term memory with their descriptions:
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What brain region is linked primarily to the coding and storage of episodic memories?
What brain region is linked primarily to the coding and storage of episodic memories?
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Ceraso suggested that retroactive interference involves actual loss of information.
Ceraso suggested that retroactive interference involves actual loss of information.
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The case study of KF provided evidence for the oversimplification of the multi-store memory model.
The case study of KF provided evidence for the oversimplification of the multi-store memory model.
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What does the term 'retrieval failure' refer to?
What does the term 'retrieval failure' refer to?
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Match the following interference types with their descriptions:
Match the following interference types with their descriptions:
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What type of memory does the situation 'recalling the capital of France' exemplify?
What type of memory does the situation 'recalling the capital of France' exemplify?
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The phenomenon where discussing an event can alter how it is remembered is known as __________.
The phenomenon where discussing an event can alter how it is remembered is known as __________.
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The __________ comprises skills and tasks that are performed automatically without conscious thought.
The __________ comprises skills and tasks that are performed automatically without conscious thought.
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Which type of memory is suggested to move from episodic to semantic over time?
Which type of memory is suggested to move from episodic to semantic over time?
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What did Loftus & Pickrell's study focus on?
What did Loftus & Pickrell's study focus on?
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What is one type of cue-dependent forgetting?
What is one type of cue-dependent forgetting?
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Research consistently supports that long-term memory is a single, unified store.
Research consistently supports that long-term memory is a single, unified store.
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What is the role of the neocortex in relation to procedural memory?
What is the role of the neocortex in relation to procedural memory?
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_________ rehearsal is recognized as one way to transfer memories into long-term storage.
_________ rehearsal is recognized as one way to transfer memories into long-term storage.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of long-term memory as per the discussed models?
Which of the following is NOT a type of long-term memory as per the discussed models?
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Study Notes
Multi-Store Model of Memory
- Atkinson & Shiffrin's Multi-Store Model (MSM): A structural model proposing three separate memory stores (sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory) with information flowing linearly between them.
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Sensory Memory (SM): The first storage system, receiving raw, unprocessed information. Composed of sensory registers (SRs) each processing specific senses.
- Iconic register (vision), echoic register (sound), haptic register (touch)
- Large capacity; milliseconds of duration unless attended to.
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Short-Term Memory (STM): Maintains information via rehearsal.
- Duration: Up to 18 seconds.
- Capacity: 7 +/- 2 items.
- Encodes acoustically (based on sound).
- Vulnerable to decay and displacement.
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Long-Term Memory (LTM): Unlimited capacity and duration; dependent on processing depth.
- Encodes semantically (based on meaning).
- Information passes to LTM through deep rehearsal (elaborative or maintenance).
Support for the MSM
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Glanzer et al's study: Primacy and recency effects demonstrate separate STM and LTM stores.
- Primacy: Early words recalled better due to transfer to LTM.
- Recency: Late words recalled better due to presence in STM.
- Delaying recall (10+ seconds) removes recency, supporting separate stores.
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Brain scanning evidence: PET and fMRI scans highlight different brain areas for STM and LTM:
- Prefrontal cortex linked to STM
- Hippocampus linked to LTM
- Providing neurobiological evidence for separate stores.
Limitations of the MSM
- Oversimplification: The MSM simplifies memory processes.
- Case of KF: KF had STM deficits with verbal information but not visual, indicating that STM is not a single store.
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Different types of LTM: Theories like Schachter's model propose different types of LTM stores.
- Spiers et al: Amnesia patients show deficits in certain LTM types (semantic, episodic).
- Clive Wearing case: Episodic memory loss but intact procedural memory.
- Ecological validity issues: Laboratory-based studies (free recall) lack ecological validity.
Long-Term Memory (LTM) Subsystems
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Declarative Memory: Consciously recalled knowledge.
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Episodic Memory: Personal experiences and events.
- Strength is emotionally driven
- Strength encodes emotionally
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Semantic Memory: Facts and general knowledge.
- Strength depends on processing depth
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Episodic Memory: Personal experiences and events.
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Procedural Memory: "Knowing how" memory for skills.
- Learned through repetition and practice (e.g., riding a bike).
- Doesn't rely on hippocampus.
Working Memory Model (WMM)
- Replacement for STM: Suggests short-term memory is an active processor (working memory).
- Central Executive (CE): The primary component; directs attention and resources; coordinates other systems.
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Slave Systems:
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Phonological Loop: Processes spoken/heard information.
- Phonological store (inner ear).
- Articulatory control process (inner voice).
- Limited capacity (2 seconds).
- Visuospatial Sketchpad (VSS): Processes visual and spatial information.
- Visual cache (CV): Stores visual information (color, form).
- Inner scribe (IS): Stores spatial relationships and re-hearses information.
- Episodic Buffer: Temporary storage, integrates information from various systems (including LTM).
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Phonological Loop: Processes spoken/heard information.
Forgetting
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Interference Theory: Forgetting caused by conflicting memories.
- Proactive Interference (PI): Old memories interfere with new ones (e.g. old mobile number).
- Retroactive Interference (RI): New memories interfere with old ones (e.g. new phone number).
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Retrieval Failure: Forgetting due to insufficient cues for retrieval.
- Encoding Specificity principle: Retrieval best when context matches encoding context.
- Context-dependent failure: Environmental cues influence recall.
- State-dependent failure: Internal states (e.g. mood, drugs) affect recall.
Eyewitness Testimony
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Misleading information: Leading questions and post-event information can distort recall.
- Loftus & Palmer (1974): Verb manipulation in car accident descriptions altered speed estimates.
- Loftus & Pickrell (1995): False memories can be implanted.
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Cognitive Interview: Technique to enhance recall accuracy.
- Encourages various recall strategies (e.g., changing perspective, different questioning).
- Aims to reduce anxiety and minimise distractions.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Explore the Atkinson & Shiffrin's Multi-Store Model, which outlines the structures and functions of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. This quiz will assess your understanding of how information flows through these distinct memory systems.
