Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which regional power posed a challenge to Aurangzeb during the later years of his rule?
Which regional power posed a challenge to Aurangzeb during the later years of his rule?
- The English
- The Marathas (correct)
- The Portuguese
- The Rajputs
How long was Aurangzeb away from Delhi due to his Deccan policy?
How long was Aurangzeb away from Delhi due to his Deccan policy?
- 25 years (correct)
- 15 years
- 35 years
- 5 years
What was one consequence of the constant wars during Aurangzeb's rule?
What was one consequence of the constant wars during Aurangzeb's rule?
- Flourishing agriculture
- Improved infrastructure
- Drained royal treasury (correct)
- Increased trade
Which group was NOT an enemy of Aurangzeb due to his religious and military policies?
Which group was NOT an enemy of Aurangzeb due to his religious and military policies?
Who was the last Mughal ruler of India?
Who was the last Mughal ruler of India?
What does the Kirpan, one of the five K's of Sikhism, represent?
What does the Kirpan, one of the five K's of Sikhism, represent?
Whom did Prince Salim succeed to the throne?
Whom did Prince Salim succeed to the throne?
What does the title 'Jahangir' mean?
What does the title 'Jahangir' mean?
In what year was the Rana of Mewar defeated by Mughal forces under Khurram?
In what year was the Rana of Mewar defeated by Mughal forces under Khurram?
What concession was the Rana of Mewar given after his defeat?
What concession was the Rana of Mewar given after his defeat?
Why was Khurram given the title 'Shah Jahan'?
Why was Khurram given the title 'Shah Jahan'?
Which fort was lost to the Persians during Jahangir's rule?
Which fort was lost to the Persians during Jahangir's rule?
What was Jahangir’s autobiography called?
What was Jahangir’s autobiography called?
Who was Nur Jahan before she married Jahangir?
Who was Nur Jahan before she married Jahangir?
What happened to Nur Jahan after Jahangir died?
What happened to Nur Jahan after Jahangir died?
Which English King sent Captain W Hawkins to India?
Which English King sent Captain W Hawkins to India?
Who succeeded Jahangir as the Mughal ruler?
Who succeeded Jahangir as the Mughal ruler?
In what year did Aurangzeb imprison Shah Jahan?
In what year did Aurangzeb imprison Shah Jahan?
Which religious policy did Aurangzeb reinstate, impacting many non-Muslims?
Which religious policy did Aurangzeb reinstate, impacting many non-Muslims?
Which group was the first to revolt against Aurangzeb in 1669 CE?
Which group was the first to revolt against Aurangzeb in 1669 CE?
Which kingdom did Aurangzeb conquer in 1686 CE as part of his Deccan campaign?
Which kingdom did Aurangzeb conquer in 1686 CE as part of his Deccan campaign?
Who was the founder of the Maratha Empire, born near Poona in 1627 CE?
Who was the founder of the Maratha Empire, born near Poona in 1627 CE?
What was name of the treaty that Shivaji was forcedsign after being defeated by Raja Jai Singh?
What was name of the treaty that Shivaji was forcedsign after being defeated by Raja Jai Singh?
Who transformed the Sikhs into a military sect called the Khalsa?
Who transformed the Sikhs into a military sect called the Khalsa?
Which Mughal ruler captured the Portuguese factory at Hooghly?
Which Mughal ruler captured the Portuguese factory at Hooghly?
Which factor most directly contributed to the weakening of the Mughal Empire following Aurangzeb's reign?
Which factor most directly contributed to the weakening of the Mughal Empire following Aurangzeb's reign?
How did Aurangzeb's extended absence from Delhi due to his Deccan policy affect the Mughal court and administration?
How did Aurangzeb's extended absence from Delhi due to his Deccan policy affect the Mughal court and administration?
What was the most significant long-term consequence of the constant warfare during Aurangzeb's rule on the Mughal Empire's economy?
What was the most significant long-term consequence of the constant warfare during Aurangzeb's rule on the Mughal Empire's economy?
Which of the following groups, alienated by Aurangzeb's policies, had not been a traditional ally or supporter of the Mughal Empire before his reign?
Which of the following groups, alienated by Aurangzeb's policies, had not been a traditional ally or supporter of the Mughal Empire before his reign?
How did the invasions by Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali most significantly impact the Mughal Empire following Aurangzeb’s death?
How did the invasions by Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali most significantly impact the Mughal Empire following Aurangzeb’s death?
What was the symbolic significance of bestowing the title 'Singh' upon members of the Khalsa?
What was the symbolic significance of bestowing the title 'Singh' upon members of the Khalsa?
What strategic advantage did Kandahar offer that made its loss significant to the Mughals under Jahangir's rule?
What strategic advantage did Kandahar offer that made its loss significant to the Mughals under Jahangir's rule?
How did Jahangir's approach to justice, as described in Tuzk-i-Jahangiri, reflect his broader philosophy of governance?
How did Jahangir's approach to justice, as described in Tuzk-i-Jahangiri, reflect his broader philosophy of governance?
What was the key implication of Jahangir's decision to restore the conquered lands to the Rana of Mewar after his defeat in 1614 CE?
What was the key implication of Jahangir's decision to restore the conquered lands to the Rana of Mewar after his defeat in 1614 CE?
What role did kinship ties play in the administration of the Mughal Empire under Jahangir, particularly concerning Nur Jahan?
What role did kinship ties play in the administration of the Mughal Empire under Jahangir, particularly concerning Nur Jahan?
How did Nur Jahan's political role evolve over Jahangir's reign, and what factors contributed to this change?
How did Nur Jahan's political role evolve over Jahangir's reign, and what factors contributed to this change?
What does Jahangir's 'Chain of Justice' symbolize about his approach to governance, and how might it have impacted his subjects?
What does Jahangir's 'Chain of Justice' symbolize about his approach to governance, and how might it have impacted his subjects?
How did the defeat of Malik Ambar by Khurram impact the Mughal Empire's strategic goals in the Deccan?
How did the defeat of Malik Ambar by Khurram impact the Mughal Empire's strategic goals in the Deccan?
What was the primary reason for the power struggle between Nur Jahan and Shah Jahan towards the end of Jahangir's reign?
What was the primary reason for the power struggle between Nur Jahan and Shah Jahan towards the end of Jahangir's reign?
How does Jahangir balance continuity and change from Akbar's reign, considering both territorial expansion and administrative justice?
How does Jahangir balance continuity and change from Akbar's reign, considering both territorial expansion and administrative justice?
What was the primary objective of Captain W Hawkins's mission to Jahangir's court in 1608 CE?
What was the primary objective of Captain W Hawkins's mission to Jahangir's court in 1608 CE?
How did Shah Jahan initially handle relations with the Deccan Sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda upon ascending to the throne?
How did Shah Jahan initially handle relations with the Deccan Sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda upon ascending to the throne?
Why did Shah Jahan decide to take action against the Portuguese settlement at Hooghly?
Why did Shah Jahan decide to take action against the Portuguese settlement at Hooghly?
How did Aurangzeb's Rajput policy shift over time, and what was a key event that marked this change?
How did Aurangzeb's Rajput policy shift over time, and what was a key event that marked this change?
What was the impact of Aurangzeb's religious policies on the Mughal Empire?
What was the impact of Aurangzeb's religious policies on the Mughal Empire?
What was the significance of the Treaty of Purandar in 1665 CE between Shivaji and the Mughals?
What was the significance of the Treaty of Purandar in 1665 CE between Shivaji and the Mughals?
How did Guru Gobind Singh transform the Sikh community, and what was his ultimate goal?
How did Guru Gobind Singh transform the Sikh community, and what was his ultimate goal?
What military strategy primarily contributed to the Marathas' success against the Mughals during Aurangzeb's reign?
What military strategy primarily contributed to the Marathas' success against the Mughals during Aurangzeb's reign?
What prompted Aurangzeb to imprison his own father, Shah Jahan, in Agra Fort?
What prompted Aurangzeb to imprison his own father, Shah Jahan, in Agra Fort?
How did Aurangzeb's Deccan campaign, despite expanding the Mughal Empire to its greatest geographical extent, ultimately weaken his rule?
How did Aurangzeb's Deccan campaign, despite expanding the Mughal Empire to its greatest geographical extent, ultimately weaken his rule?
The Marathas and Sikhs posed a significant challenge to Aurangzeb's rule.
The Marathas and Sikhs posed a significant challenge to Aurangzeb's rule.
Aurangzeb's Deccan policy kept him away from Delhi for 10 years.
Aurangzeb's Deccan policy kept him away from Delhi for 10 years.
Constant wars increased the royal treasury.
Constant wars increased the royal treasury.
Important groups such as the Jats and Sikhs were strong allies of the Mughals.
Important groups such as the Jats and Sikhs were strong allies of the Mughals.
Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Burma by the British after the Mutiny of 1857 CE.
Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Burma by the British after the Mutiny of 1857 CE.
The Taj Mahal was built in memory of Shah Jahan.
The Taj Mahal was built in memory of Shah Jahan.
Jahangir succeeded Akbar and continued the expansion of the Mughal Empire.
Jahangir succeeded Akbar and continued the expansion of the Mughal Empire.
Prince Salim took the title 'one who conquers the world' after Akbar.
Prince Salim took the title 'one who conquers the world' after Akbar.
Khurram defeated the Rana of Mewar in 1614 CE and was given the title Shah Jahan.
Khurram defeated the Rana of Mewar in 1614 CE and was given the title Shah Jahan.
The Mughals successfully regained Kandahar from the Persians in 1622 CE during Jahangir's reign.
The Mughals successfully regained Kandahar from the Persians in 1622 CE during Jahangir's reign.
Jahangir's autobiography is known as the Baburnama.
Jahangir's autobiography is known as the Baburnama.
Jahangir had a 'Bell of Justice' outside his palace for people to seek direct access to him.
Jahangir had a 'Bell of Justice' outside his palace for people to seek direct access to him.
Nur Jahan's niece was Mumtaz Mahal, who married Jahangir's son Shah Jahan.
Nur Jahan's niece was Mumtaz Mahal, who married Jahangir's son Shah Jahan.
Nur Jahan's influence in politics decreased after 1622 due to her failing health.
Nur Jahan's influence in politics decreased after 1622 due to her failing health.
Nur Jahan became the virtual ruler of the empire after Jahangir's death.
Nur Jahan became the virtual ruler of the empire after Jahangir's death.
Captain W Hawkins arrived in India during the reign of Akbar.
Captain W Hawkins arrived in India during the reign of Akbar.
Shah Jahan signed a peace treaty with Bijapur and Golconda in 1636 CE.
Shah Jahan signed a peace treaty with Bijapur and Golconda in 1636 CE.
Aurangzeb appointed Shivaji as the viceroy of the Deccan.
Aurangzeb appointed Shivaji as the viceroy of the Deccan.
Aurangzeb followed Akbar's tolerant policies towards the Rajputs.
Aurangzeb followed Akbar's tolerant policies towards the Rajputs.
Aurangzeb re-imposed the jaziya tax, but exempted the poor.
Aurangzeb re-imposed the jaziya tax, but exempted the poor.
The Satnamis revolted in 1672 CE.
The Satnamis revolted in 1672 CE.
Aurangzeb annexed Cooch Behar in 1661 CE.
Aurangzeb annexed Cooch Behar in 1661 CE.
Shivaji made his first conquest by capturing the Raigarh Fort from Bijapur.
Shivaji made his first conquest by capturing the Raigarh Fort from Bijapur.
Shivaji voluntarily visited Aurangzeb at Delhi.
Shivaji voluntarily visited Aurangzeb at Delhi.
Guru Gobind Singh transformed the Sikhs into a military sect, called the Khalsa, in 1699 CE.
Guru Gobind Singh transformed the Sikhs into a military sect, called the Khalsa, in 1699 CE.
Aurangzeb's Deccan policy, requiring him to remain distant from Delhi for an extended period, inadvertently fostered unity among the nobles stationed in the capital.
Aurangzeb's Deccan policy, requiring him to remain distant from Delhi for an extended period, inadvertently fostered unity among the nobles stationed in the capital.
The constant wars during the later years of Aurangzeb's rule led to increased agricultural productivity as the kingdom expanded to feed the army.
The constant wars during the later years of Aurangzeb's rule led to increased agricultural productivity as the kingdom expanded to feed the army.
Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali's invasions took place after the rule of Bahadur Shah Zafar.
Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali's invasions took place after the rule of Bahadur Shah Zafar.
Shah Jahan was imprisoned by Aurangzeb, because he was displeased with the construction of the Taj Mahal.
Shah Jahan was imprisoned by Aurangzeb, because he was displeased with the construction of the Taj Mahal.
Within the Khalsa tradition, the 'Kirpan' symbolizes wisdom and knowledge, guiding Sikhs in their pursuit of enlightenment.
Within the Khalsa tradition, the 'Kirpan' symbolizes wisdom and knowledge, guiding Sikhs in their pursuit of enlightenment.
The Mughal Empire was immediately replaced by British colonial rule after the death of Aurangzeb.
The Mughal Empire was immediately replaced by British colonial rule after the death of Aurangzeb.
Jahangir, upon ascending to the throne, dismissed Akbar's policy of expanding the Mughal Empire, focusing instead on internal affairs.
Jahangir, upon ascending to the throne, dismissed Akbar's policy of expanding the Mughal Empire, focusing instead on internal affairs.
The Rana of Mewar's defeat in 1614 CE was led by Jahangir himself, resulting in immediate annexation of Mewar into the Mughal Empire.
The Rana of Mewar's defeat in 1614 CE was led by Jahangir himself, resulting in immediate annexation of Mewar into the Mughal Empire.
Malik Ambar's resistance significantly aided the Mughals in consolidating their power.
Malik Ambar's resistance significantly aided the Mughals in consolidating their power.
Jahangir's 'Chain of Justice' primarily served as a symbolic gesture with no practical application for the common people.
Jahangir's 'Chain of Justice' primarily served as a symbolic gesture with no practical application for the common people.
Nur Jahan's influence was confined to social matters, and she deliberately avoided involvement in politics, focusing instead on philanthropic activities.
Nur Jahan's influence was confined to social matters, and she deliberately avoided involvement in politics, focusing instead on philanthropic activities.
Kandahar, a region of little strategic and commercial value, was willingly ceded to the Persians by Khurram as a gesture of goodwill.
Kandahar, a region of little strategic and commercial value, was willingly ceded to the Persians by Khurram as a gesture of goodwill.
Jahangir's commitment to justice is evidenced by the 'Chain of Justice' and documented in his biography, the Tuzk-i-Jahangiri.
Jahangir's commitment to justice is evidenced by the 'Chain of Justice' and documented in his biography, the Tuzk-i-Jahangiri.
Nur Jahan's niece, Sher Afghan, was married to Jahangir's son, Shah Jahan.
Nur Jahan's niece, Sher Afghan, was married to Jahangir's son, Shah Jahan.
After Shah Jahan's proclamation as Emperor, Nur Jahan continued to wield significant political influence behind the scenes.
After Shah Jahan's proclamation as Emperor, Nur Jahan continued to wield significant political influence behind the scenes.
Captain W Hawkins arrived in India during the reign of Shah Jahan, seeking concessions for the English East India Company.
Captain W Hawkins arrived in India during the reign of Shah Jahan, seeking concessions for the English East India Company.
Shah Jahan's rule is considered by historians as a period of decline for the Mughal Empire due to numerous military defeats.
Shah Jahan's rule is considered by historians as a period of decline for the Mughal Empire due to numerous military defeats.
Aurangzeb's religious policies strictly adhered to the tolerant principles established by Akbar, ensuring harmony among diverse religious groups.
Aurangzeb's religious policies strictly adhered to the tolerant principles established by Akbar, ensuring harmony among diverse religious groups.
Aurangzeb's Deccan campaign strengthened the Mughal Empire in the long term, providing new resources and stable territories.
Aurangzeb's Deccan campaign strengthened the Mughal Empire in the long term, providing new resources and stable territories.
Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire, initially served as a high-ranking officer in the Mughal army before establishing his own kingdom.
Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire, initially served as a high-ranking officer in the Mughal army before establishing his own kingdom.
The Treaty of Purandar in 1665 resulted in a strengthened alliance between Shivaji and Aurangzeb, with Shivaji becoming a key Mughal general.
The Treaty of Purandar in 1665 resulted in a strengthened alliance between Shivaji and Aurangzeb, with Shivaji becoming a key Mughal general.
Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, successfully established a fully independent Sikh state in Punjab before his death.
Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, successfully established a fully independent Sikh state in Punjab before his death.
Shah Jahan's peace treaty in 1636 CE established the Mughal Empire's amicable relations with Bijapur and Golconda for over two centuries.
Shah Jahan's peace treaty in 1636 CE established the Mughal Empire's amicable relations with Bijapur and Golconda for over two centuries.
Aurangzeb permitted the official chroniclers to continue chronicling his rule, showcasing the Mughal acceptance towards historical documentation.
Aurangzeb permitted the official chroniclers to continue chronicling his rule, showcasing the Mughal acceptance towards historical documentation.
Aurangzeb was tolerant of dance, music, gambling, and the consumption of alcohol and opium, showing flexibility in his governance.
Aurangzeb was tolerant of dance, music, gambling, and the consumption of alcohol and opium, showing flexibility in his governance.
Akbar's reign was important because he was able to ______ and efficiently administer the Mughal Empire.
Akbar's reign was important because he was able to ______ and efficiently administer the Mughal Empire.
Jahangir's third son, Khurram, led the Mughal force that defeated the Rana of ______ in 1614 CE.
Jahangir's third son, Khurram, led the Mughal force that defeated the Rana of ______ in 1614 CE.
Khurram was given the title Shah Jahan, meaning '______ of the world'.
Khurram was given the title Shah Jahan, meaning '______ of the world'.
Jahangir lost the strategically and commercially important ______ to the Persians in 1622 CE.
Jahangir lost the strategically and commercially important ______ to the Persians in 1622 CE.
The rise of regional powers like the Marathas and the ______ posed a severe challenge to Aurangzeb.
The rise of regional powers like the Marathas and the ______ posed a severe challenge to Aurangzeb.
Aurangzeb's Deccan policy kept him away from his capital in ______ for 25 years.
Aurangzeb's Deccan policy kept him away from his capital in ______ for 25 years.
Jahangir writes in his autobiography, the Tuzk-i-______, that ‘An unjust society and an unjust government are like moth-eaten wood that may fall down anytime.'
Jahangir writes in his autobiography, the Tuzk-i-______, that ‘An unjust society and an unjust government are like moth-eaten wood that may fall down anytime.'
Jahangir had a '______ of Justice' put up outside his palace so people could directly petition him.
Jahangir had a '______ of Justice' put up outside his palace so people could directly petition him.
Constant wars drained the royal ______, weakening the Mughal Empire.
Constant wars drained the royal ______, weakening the Mughal Empire.
In 1611 CE, Jahangir married ______ Jahan, the widow of a Persian noble, Sher Afghan.
In 1611 CE, Jahangir married ______ Jahan, the widow of a Persian noble, Sher Afghan.
[Blank]'s religious and military policies made enemies of groups like the Jats and Satnamis.
[Blank]'s religious and military policies made enemies of groups like the Jats and Satnamis.
Nur Jahan's niece, Mumtaz Mahal, was married to Jahangir's son ______ Jahan.
Nur Jahan's niece, Mumtaz Mahal, was married to Jahangir's son ______ Jahan.
After Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal Empire collapsed under his ______ successors.
After Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal Empire collapsed under his ______ successors.
After Jahangir's death, Nur Jahan withdrew from public life following the proclamation of ______ Jahan as emperor.
After Jahangir's death, Nur Jahan withdrew from public life following the proclamation of ______ Jahan as emperor.
Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal ruler, was exiled to ______ by the British.
Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal ruler, was exiled to ______ by the British.
Captain W Hawkins arrived in India in 1608 CE with a letter from King ______ I of England.
Captain W Hawkins arrived in India in 1608 CE with a letter from King ______ I of England.
Jahangir was succeeded by his son, Shah ______.
Jahangir was succeeded by his son, Shah ______.
Aurangzeb imprisoned his father Shah Jahan in the ______ Fort.
Aurangzeb imprisoned his father Shah Jahan in the ______ Fort.
Aurangzeb reversed many of the tolerant policies of earlier Mughal emperors, especially those of ______.
Aurangzeb reversed many of the tolerant policies of earlier Mughal emperors, especially those of ______.
Aurangzeb re-imposed the ______, a tax on non-Muslims.
Aurangzeb re-imposed the ______, a tax on non-Muslims.
The ______ of Mathura were the first to revolt against Aurangzeb in 1669 CE.
The ______ of Mathura were the first to revolt against Aurangzeb in 1669 CE.
In 1686 CE, Aurangzeb conquered the kingdom of ______.
In 1686 CE, Aurangzeb conquered the kingdom of ______.
______ was the founder of the Maratha Empire.
______ was the founder of the Maratha Empire.
Shivaji signed the Treaty of ______ in 1665 CE, surrendering most of his forts to the Mughals.
Shivaji signed the Treaty of ______ in 1665 CE, surrendering most of his forts to the Mughals.
______ Dev, the fifth Sikh Guru, was killed under Jahangir’s orders.
______ Dev, the fifth Sikh Guru, was killed under Jahangir’s orders.
Aurangzeb's ______ policy kept him away from Delhi for 25 years, which led to infighting among the nobles and drained the royal treasury.
Aurangzeb's ______ policy kept him away from Delhi for 25 years, which led to infighting among the nobles and drained the royal treasury.
The invasions of ______ Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali from the northwest significantly hastened the collapse of the Mughal Empire after Aurangzeb's death.
The invasions of ______ Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali from the northwest significantly hastened the collapse of the Mughal Empire after Aurangzeb's death.
After the Mutiny of 1857 CE, the British exiled ______ Shah Zafar, the last Mughal ruler of India, to Burma, marking the end of the Mughal dynasty.
After the Mutiny of 1857 CE, the British exiled ______ Shah Zafar, the last Mughal ruler of India, to Burma, marking the end of the Mughal dynasty.
The members of the Khalsa received the title of ______, meaning 'lion', symbolizing their strength and courage.
The members of the Khalsa received the title of ______, meaning 'lion', symbolizing their strength and courage.
Every Sikh was expected to have the five K's on their person, including the ______, a small dagger that represents honor and justice.
Every Sikh was expected to have the five K's on their person, including the ______, a small dagger that represents honor and justice.
Shah Jahan was imprisoned in the Agra Fort by his son, ______, and spent his final years gazing at the Taj Mahal.
Shah Jahan was imprisoned in the Agra Fort by his son, ______, and spent his final years gazing at the Taj Mahal.
Jahangir, meaning ‘one who ______ the world’, continued Akbar’s policy of expansion of the Mughal Empire.
Jahangir, meaning ‘one who ______ the world’, continued Akbar’s policy of expansion of the Mughal Empire.
In 1614 CE, the Rana of ______ was defeated by a Mughal force led by Khurram, Jahangir’s third son.
In 1614 CE, the Rana of ______ was defeated by a Mughal force led by Khurram, Jahangir’s third son.
Khurram was given the title of Shah Jahan or ‘lord of the ______’ after defeating Malik Ambar.
Khurram was given the title of Shah Jahan or ‘lord of the ______’ after defeating Malik Ambar.
Jahangir lost the strategically and commercially important ______ to the Persians in 1622 CE, never to recover it again.
Jahangir lost the strategically and commercially important ______ to the Persians in 1622 CE, never to recover it again.
According to Jahangir’s beliefs, an unjust society is like ‘______-eaten wood that may fall down anytime’.
According to Jahangir’s beliefs, an unjust society is like ‘______-eaten wood that may fall down anytime’.
Any person in trouble could pull the ‘Chain of ______’ and talk to the Emperor directly.
Any person in trouble could pull the ‘Chain of ______’ and talk to the Emperor directly.
Nur Jahan was known to give orders to the officers and have ______ struck in her name.
Nur Jahan was known to give orders to the officers and have ______ struck in her name.
As Jahangir’s reign drew to a close, Nur Jahan found herself locked in a power struggle with ______ Jahan, the heir apparent to the throne.
As Jahangir’s reign drew to a close, Nur Jahan found herself locked in a power struggle with ______ Jahan, the heir apparent to the throne.
In 1608 CE, ______ arrived in Jahangir's court with a letter from King James I of England, seeking concessions for the English East India Company.
In 1608 CE, ______ arrived in Jahangir's court with a letter from King James I of England, seeking concessions for the English East India Company.
Upon realizing their corrupt activities, Shah Jahan captured the Portuguese factory at ______, demonstrating his commitment to fair trade practices.
Upon realizing their corrupt activities, Shah Jahan captured the Portuguese factory at ______, demonstrating his commitment to fair trade practices.
Aurangzeb spent the latter part of his reign engaged in campaigns in the ______, attempting to expand his empire and suppress revolts.
Aurangzeb spent the latter part of his reign engaged in campaigns in the ______, attempting to expand his empire and suppress revolts.
Aurangzeb re-imposed the ______, a tax on non-Muslims, reversing a more tolerant policy of earlier Mughal emperors.
Aurangzeb re-imposed the ______, a tax on non-Muslims, reversing a more tolerant policy of earlier Mughal emperors.
The ______ under Gokal Jat were the first to revolt against Aurangzeb in 1669 CE, demonstrating the widespread discontent with his policies.
The ______ under Gokal Jat were the first to revolt against Aurangzeb in 1669 CE, demonstrating the widespread discontent with his policies.
Shivaji's initial military success involved capturing the ______ from Bijapur, marking the beginning of his rise to power.
Shivaji's initial military success involved capturing the ______ from Bijapur, marking the beginning of his rise to power.
Shivaji was forced to sign the ______ in 1665 CE after Jai Singh captured the fort of Puranadar, temporarily halting his expansion.
Shivaji was forced to sign the ______ in 1665 CE after Jai Singh captured the fort of Puranadar, temporarily halting his expansion.
______, the tenth Sikh guru, transformed the Sikhs into a military sect known as the Khalsa in 1699 CE.
______, the tenth Sikh guru, transformed the Sikhs into a military sect known as the Khalsa in 1699 CE.
Shah Jahan's rule is often described by historians as the ______ of Mughal rule in India, characterized by peace treaties and suppression of rebellions.
Shah Jahan's rule is often described by historians as the ______ of Mughal rule in India, characterized by peace treaties and suppression of rebellions.
After Aurangzeb ordered the beheading of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth guru, ______ transformed the sikhs into a military sect.
After Aurangzeb ordered the beheading of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth guru, ______ transformed the sikhs into a military sect.
Name one regional power that challenged Aurangzeb's rule.
Name one regional power that challenged Aurangzeb's rule.
Where was Bahadur Shah Zafar exiled after the Mutiny of 1857?
Where was Bahadur Shah Zafar exiled after the Mutiny of 1857?
What is the holy book of the Sikhs called?
What is the holy book of the Sikhs called?
Name one of the 'five K's' that every Sikh is expected to have.
Name one of the 'five K's' that every Sikh is expected to have.
Which Mughal ruler built the Taj Mahal?
Which Mughal ruler built the Taj Mahal?
Who defeated the Rana of Mewar in 1614 CE?
Who defeated the Rana of Mewar in 1614 CE?
What title was Khurram given after defeating Malik Ambar?
What title was Khurram given after defeating Malik Ambar?
Which strategically important location did Khurram lose to the Persians in 1622 CE?
Which strategically important location did Khurram lose to the Persians in 1622 CE?
What was Jahangir famous for?
What was Jahangir famous for?
Who did Jahangir marry in 1611 CE?
Who did Jahangir marry in 1611 CE?
Who was Nur Jahan's niece married to?
Who was Nur Jahan's niece married to?
Which English King did Captain W. Hawkins represent when he arrived in India?
Which English King did Captain W. Hawkins represent when he arrived in India?
Which Mughal ruler's reign is considered the 'high point' of Mughal rule by historians?
Which Mughal ruler's reign is considered the 'high point' of Mughal rule by historians?
In what year did Aurangzeb imprison Shah Jahan in Agra Fort?
In what year did Aurangzeb imprison Shah Jahan in Agra Fort?
Name one of the two kingdoms of the Deccan that Aurangzeb conquered.
Name one of the two kingdoms of the Deccan that Aurangzeb conquered.
Which religious tax did Aurangzeb re-impose, affecting a significant portion of the population?
Which religious tax did Aurangzeb re-impose, affecting a significant portion of the population?
Name the leader under which the Jats of Mathura revolted against Aurangzeb in 1669 CE?
Name the leader under which the Jats of Mathura revolted against Aurangzeb in 1669 CE?
What fort did Shivaji Maharaj first capture from Bijapur?
What fort did Shivaji Maharaj first capture from Bijapur?
What was the name of the treaty that Shivaji was forced to sign after Jai Singh captured the fort of Puranadar?
What was the name of the treaty that Shivaji was forced to sign after Jai Singh captured the fort of Puranadar?
Which Sikh Guru was beheaded under Aurangzeb's orders for refusing to convert to Islam?
Which Sikh Guru was beheaded under Aurangzeb's orders for refusing to convert to Islam?
What does 'Khalsa' mean?
What does 'Khalsa' mean?
Describe how Jahangir's approach to the Rana of Mewar differed from a typical military conquest, and what was the result of his strategy?
Describe how Jahangir's approach to the Rana of Mewar differed from a typical military conquest, and what was the result of his strategy?
Explain the significance of Khurram's victories and losses during Jahangir's reign, and how these events impacted his subsequent rise to power as Shah Jahan?
Explain the significance of Khurram's victories and losses during Jahangir's reign, and how these events impacted his subsequent rise to power as Shah Jahan?
How did Jahangir ensure justice in his kingdom, according to his autobiography? What was the purpose of the 'Chain of Justice'?
How did Jahangir ensure justice in his kingdom, according to his autobiography? What was the purpose of the 'Chain of Justice'?
Describe Nur Jahan's rise to power during Jahangir's reign. What strategies did she employ to exert her influence, and what factors contributed to her eventual decline in power?
Describe Nur Jahan's rise to power during Jahangir's reign. What strategies did she employ to exert her influence, and what factors contributed to her eventual decline in power?
Contrast Jahangir's commitment to justice with his territorial ambitions. Were these two aspects of his rule compatible, or did they sometimes come into conflict?
Contrast Jahangir's commitment to justice with his territorial ambitions. Were these two aspects of his rule compatible, or did they sometimes come into conflict?
Explain how Aurangzeb's religious policies differed from those of Akbar, and what impact did this have on the Mughal Empire?
Explain how Aurangzeb's religious policies differed from those of Akbar, and what impact did this have on the Mughal Empire?
What motivated Shah Jahan to capture the Portuguese factory at Hooghly, and what does this action reveal about Mughal governance during his reign?
What motivated Shah Jahan to capture the Portuguese factory at Hooghly, and what does this action reveal about Mughal governance during his reign?
Describe the circumstances that led to Shivaji's imprisonment by Aurangzeb, and explain the significance of Shivaji's escape in the context of Maratha-Mughal relations?
Describe the circumstances that led to Shivaji's imprisonment by Aurangzeb, and explain the significance of Shivaji's escape in the context of Maratha-Mughal relations?
How did Aurangzeb's Deccan campaign contribute to the weakening of the Mughal Empire, despite its initial success in expanding the empire's geographical reach?
How did Aurangzeb's Deccan campaign contribute to the weakening of the Mughal Empire, despite its initial success in expanding the empire's geographical reach?
Explain how Aurangzeb's policy towards the Rajputs shifted over time, and what impact did this shift have on the stability of the Mughal Empire?
Explain how Aurangzeb's policy towards the Rajputs shifted over time, and what impact did this shift have on the stability of the Mughal Empire?
What were the main reasons for unrest during Aurangzeb's rule?
What were the main reasons for unrest during Aurangzeb's rule?
What was the relationship between the English and Jahangir?
What was the relationship between the English and Jahangir?
How did Guru Gobind Singh transform the Sikh community, and what were his objectives in doing so?
How did Guru Gobind Singh transform the Sikh community, and what were his objectives in doing so?
How did Shah Jahan continue Akbar's policy?
How did Shah Jahan continue Akbar's policy?
Describe the terms of the treaty signed by the Raja of Assam in 1663 CE after Aurangzeb's annexation of Cooch Behar.
Describe the terms of the treaty signed by the Raja of Assam in 1663 CE after Aurangzeb's annexation of Cooch Behar.
How did Jahangir's approach to the defeated Rana of Mewar differ from standard Mughal policy, and what impact did this have?
How did Jahangir's approach to the defeated Rana of Mewar differ from standard Mughal policy, and what impact did this have?
Explain how Nur Jahan's influence evolved over Jahangir’s reign and the extent to which she wielded power.
Explain how Nur Jahan's influence evolved over Jahangir’s reign and the extent to which she wielded power.
Assess the strategic implications of losing Kandahar to the Persians in 1622, with specific regard to the economy.
Assess the strategic implications of losing Kandahar to the Persians in 1622, with specific regard to the economy.
Summarize Jahangir’s commitment to justice as reflected in the Tuzk-i-Jahangiri.
Summarize Jahangir’s commitment to justice as reflected in the Tuzk-i-Jahangiri.
What factors contributed to Nur Jahan's shift from being an influential figure in the court to being locked in a power struggle with Shah Jahan, and what was the outcome of this struggle?
What factors contributed to Nur Jahan's shift from being an influential figure in the court to being locked in a power struggle with Shah Jahan, and what was the outcome of this struggle?
Analyze the long-term consequences of Aurangzeb's religious policies on the stability and cohesion of the Mughal Empire. Provide specific examples to support your analysis.
Analyze the long-term consequences of Aurangzeb's religious policies on the stability and cohesion of the Mughal Empire. Provide specific examples to support your analysis.
Evaluate the strategic implications of Shivaji's escape from Agra in 1666 CE on the balance of power between the Marathas and the Mughals in the Deccan region.
Evaluate the strategic implications of Shivaji's escape from Agra in 1666 CE on the balance of power between the Marathas and the Mughals in the Deccan region.
Assess the relative importance of territorial expansion versus socio-political cohesion in ensuring the long-term stability of the Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb.
Assess the relative importance of territorial expansion versus socio-political cohesion in ensuring the long-term stability of the Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb.
Compare and contrast the approaches of Akbar and Shah Jahan towards the Rajputs, and analyze how their policies impacted Mughal relations with the Rajput kingdoms.
Compare and contrast the approaches of Akbar and Shah Jahan towards the Rajputs, and analyze how their policies impacted Mughal relations with the Rajput kingdoms.
Analyze the role of economic factors, such as taxation and trade, in fueling revolts against Aurangzeb's rule. Provide specific examples of how economic grievances contributed to political instability.
Analyze the role of economic factors, such as taxation and trade, in fueling revolts against Aurangzeb's rule. Provide specific examples of how economic grievances contributed to political instability.
Flashcards
Late Aurangzeb Challenges
Late Aurangzeb Challenges
Regional powers, like the Marathas and Sikhs, emerged and challenged Aurangzeb's rule.
Deccan Policy Costs
Deccan Policy Costs
Aurangzeb's extended stay in the Deccan region led to infighting among nobles and drained the treasury.
Alienated Groups
Alienated Groups
Aurangzeb's policies alienated groups like the Jats, Satnamis, Sikhs, and Marathas, who were former allies.
Invasions' Impact
Invasions' Impact
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Bahadur Shah Zafar
Bahadur Shah Zafar
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Singh Title Meaning
Singh Title Meaning
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Jahangir
Jahangir
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Shah Jahan (Khurram)
Shah Jahan (Khurram)
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Malik Ambar
Malik Ambar
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Tuzk-i-Jahangiri
Tuzk-i-Jahangiri
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Chain of Justice
Chain of Justice
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Nur Jahan
Nur Jahan
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Nur Jahan's Influence
Nur Jahan's Influence
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Kandahar
Kandahar
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Policy of Expansion
Policy of Expansion
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Captain W Hawkins
Captain W Hawkins
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Shah Jahan's Reign
Shah Jahan's Reign
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Jizyah
Jizyah
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The Marathas
The Marathas
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Shivaji
Shivaji
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Treaty of Purandar
Treaty of Purandar
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Khalsa
Khalsa
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Aurangzeb's Religious Policy
Aurangzeb's Religious Policy
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Shah Jahan's Imprisonment
Shah Jahan's Imprisonment
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The Satnamis
The Satnamis
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Aurangzeb's Deccan Policy
Aurangzeb's Deccan Policy
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Drained Treasury
Drained Treasury
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Agricultural Land Waste
Agricultural Land Waste
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Invaders
Invaders
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Baptism Dagger
Baptism Dagger
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Kangha
Kangha
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Jahangir's Title
Jahangir's Title
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Rana of Mewar
Rana of Mewar
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Shah Jahan Title Meaning
Shah Jahan Title Meaning
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Jahangir's Justice Belief
Jahangir's Justice Belief
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Jahangir's Justice System
Jahangir's Justice System
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Who was Nur Jahan?
Who was Nur Jahan?
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Nur Jahan's Power
Nur Jahan's Power
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Mumtaz Mahal
Mumtaz Mahal
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Nur Jahan vs. Shah Jahan
Nur Jahan vs. Shah Jahan
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Jahangir's reign
Jahangir's reign
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Shah Jahan's Peace Treaty
Shah Jahan's Peace Treaty
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Shah Jahan vs. Portuguese
Shah Jahan vs. Portuguese
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Aurangzeb's Policy Shift
Aurangzeb's Policy Shift
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Rajput Mansabs
Rajput Mansabs
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Aurangzeb's Prohibitions
Aurangzeb's Prohibitions
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Aurangzeb & Cooch Behar
Aurangzeb & Cooch Behar
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Bijapur's Conquest
Bijapur's Conquest
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Shivaji's Surat Capture
Shivaji's Surat Capture
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Guru Gobind Singh
Guru Gobind Singh
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Who was Jahangir?
Who was Jahangir?
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Who was Khurram?
Who was Khurram?
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What the Rana did?
What the Rana did?
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Who was Malik Ambar?
Who was Malik Ambar?
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What is Shah Jahan?
What is Shah Jahan?
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Tuzk-i-Jahangiri significance?
Tuzk-i-Jahangiri significance?
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Purpose of the Justice?
Purpose of the Justice?
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Significance of Nur Jahan?
Significance of Nur Jahan?
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Shah Jahan vs. Nur Jahan?
Shah Jahan vs. Nur Jahan?
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Who was Shah Jahan?
Who was Shah Jahan?
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1657 CE: Bijapur
1657 CE: Bijapur
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How did Aurangzeb rise?
How did Aurangzeb rise?
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Aurangzeb's Impact
Aurangzeb's Impact
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Conflict With Marwar?
Conflict With Marwar?
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Aurangzeb's Goal?
Aurangzeb's Goal?
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Who are the Jats?
Who are the Jats?
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Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb
Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb
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Shivaji's Victories
Shivaji's Victories
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Guru Tegh Bahadur
Guru Tegh Bahadur
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Mughal Decline
Mughal Decline
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Northwest Invasions
Northwest Invasions
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End of Mughals
End of Mughals
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The Five K's
The Five K's
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Kirpan Symbolism
Kirpan Symbolism
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Kesh Meaning
Kesh Meaning
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Mughal Decline Factors
Mughal Decline Factors
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Aurangzeb's Deccan Impact
Aurangzeb's Deccan Impact
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Khalsa Baptism method
Khalsa Baptism method
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Kirpan
Kirpan
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Kesh significance
Kesh significance
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Kachchera meaning
Kachchera meaning
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Jahangir's Title Meaning
Jahangir's Title Meaning
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Mewar's Outcome
Mewar's Outcome
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Kandahar's Fate
Kandahar's Fate
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Jahangir's View on Justice
Jahangir's View on Justice
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Jahangir's Justice Idea
Jahangir's Justice Idea
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Nur Jahan's Family
Nur Jahan's Family
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Who was Mumtaz Mahal?
Who was Mumtaz Mahal?
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Jahangir & the English
Jahangir & the English
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Shah Jahan's Conquests
Shah Jahan's Conquests
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Aurangzeb's Tolerance
Aurangzeb's Tolerance
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Rajput Alliances
Rajput Alliances
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Cooch Behar
Cooch Behar
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Aurangzeb's Deccan stay
Aurangzeb's Deccan stay
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Shivaji's First Conquest
Shivaji's First Conquest
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Treaty of Purandar's Impact
Treaty of Purandar's Impact
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Guru Tegh Bahadur's Fate
Guru Tegh Bahadur's Fate
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Shivaji's Expansion
Shivaji's Expansion
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Weak Successors
Weak Successors
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Aurangzeb and Jizya
Aurangzeb and Jizya
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Creation of Khalsa
Creation of Khalsa
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Aurangzeb's Wars
Aurangzeb's Wars
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Kada (Bracelet)
Kada (Bracelet)
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Kesh (Hair)
Kesh (Hair)
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Hawkins's Arrival
Hawkins's Arrival
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Aurangzeb viceroy
Aurangzeb viceroy
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Shah Jahan's Rajput Policy
Shah Jahan's Rajput Policy
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Gokal Jat
Gokal Jat
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Where did Marathas Live?
Where did Marathas Live?
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Torna Fort
Torna Fort
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Rajput Allies
Rajput Allies
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Puranadar Fort
Puranadar Fort
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Who was Mewar?
Who was Mewar?
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Shah Jahan Meaning
Shah Jahan Meaning
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About Tuzk-i-Jahangiri?
About Tuzk-i-Jahangiri?
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Jahangir's Justice
Jahangir's Justice
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Power Struggle
Power Struggle
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Who was Bahadur Shah Zafar?
Who was Bahadur Shah Zafar?
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Guru Granth Sahib
Guru Granth Sahib
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Gurudwara
Gurudwara
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Kada Meaning
Kada Meaning
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Who was Babur?
Who was Babur?
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Shah Jahan's Rule
Shah Jahan's Rule
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Aurangzeb's Policy
Aurangzeb's Policy
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What is Jizyah?
What is Jizyah?
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Who are the Marathas?
Who are the Marathas?
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Who was Shivaji?
Who was Shivaji?
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Guru Gobind Singh’s act
Guru Gobind Singh’s act
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Who was Rana of Mewar?
Who was Rana of Mewar?
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What is Tuzk-i-Jahangiri?
What is Tuzk-i-Jahangiri?
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What was Chain of Justice?
What was Chain of Justice?
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Aurangzeb's Enemies
Aurangzeb's Enemies
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Mughal Financial Strain
Mughal Financial Strain
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Delhi Noble Infighting
Delhi Noble Infighting
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Taj Mahal Significance
Taj Mahal Significance
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Jahangir & English
Jahangir & English
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Shah Jahan's Treaty
Shah Jahan's Treaty
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Shivaji's Torna Fort
Shivaji's Torna Fort
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Rana of Mewar's fate
Rana of Mewar's fate
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Jahangir's 'Chain of Justice'
Jahangir's 'Chain of Justice'
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King James I
King James I
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Aurangzeb as Viceroy
Aurangzeb as Viceroy
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Bundelkhand Rebels
Bundelkhand Rebels
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Agra Fort
Agra Fort
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The Jats of Mathura
The Jats of Mathura
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Shaista Khan
Shaista Khan
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Guru Arjan Dev
Guru Arjan Dev
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Study Notes
- Akbar consolidated and efficiently administered the Mughal Empire.
- Successors Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb expanded the empire further.
- The Mughal Empire began to decline after Aurangzeb.
Jahangir (1605-1627 CE)
- Prince Salim succeeded Akbar, taking the title Jahangir, meaning "one who seizes the world."
- Jahangir continued Akbar’s policy of expansion.
- In 1614 CE, Khurram, Jahangir’s third son, led Mughal forces to defeat the Rana of Mewar.
- Conquered lands were returned to the Rana, who accepted Mughal overlordship, bringing peace to Mewar after almost a century.
- Malik Ambar of Ahmadnagar made it difficult to consolidate Mughal power in the Deccan, but Khurram eventually defeated him.
- Khurram received the title Shah Jahan for his victory, meaning ‘lord of the world’.
- Khurram also captured Kangra Fort but lost Kandahar, strategically and commercially important, to the Persians in 1622 CE.
- Kandahar was never recovered.
- Jahangir emphasized justice, stating unjust governance leads to societal collapse.
- Tuzk-i-Jahangiri, his autobiography, highlights a commitment to justice writing, ‘An unjust society and an unjust government are like moth-eaten wood that may fall down anytime, and bring down with it everything-the ruler, the ruled and the kingdom.’
- He had a 'Chain of Justice' outside his palace for people to directly seek redress from the Emperor.
- In 1611 CE, Jahangir married Nur Jahan, widow of Sher Afghan.
- She was talented, generous, ambitious, and slowly began to assert her influence in politics.
- Her father and brother were put in important positions in the court.
- Her niece, Mumtaz Mahal, married Shah Jahan.
- Nur Jahan gave orders to officers, had coins struck in her name, and became the virtual ruler after 1622 when Jahangir's health declined.
- Nur Jahan struggled for power with Shah Jahan, the heir, and withdrew from public life after Shah Jahan became Emperor.
- Captain W Hawkins arrived in 1608 CE with a letter from King James I, seeking concessions for the English East India Company.
- The English East India Company laid the foundation for British rule in India.
Shah Jahan (1628-1658 CE)
- Shah Jahan succeeded Jahangir, and his rule is considered a high point of Mughal rule.
- In 1636 CE, Shah Jahan signed a 20-year peace treaty with Bijapur and Golconda.
- When trouble broke out again in 1656 CE, Shah Jahan appointed Aurangzeb viceroy of the Deccan.
- In 1657 CE, Bijapur ceded territory and paid fines to the Mughals.
- Shah Jahan suppressed the Bundelkhand rebellion.
- He captured the Portuguese factory at Hooghly due to their corrupt activities and misuse of trading privileges.
- Shah Jahan followed Akbar's Rajput policy.
- Despite failing to extend Mughal territory north of Kabul, his empire was more extensive than Akbar and Jahangir's.
- In 1657 CE, Aurangzeb imprisoned Shah Jahan in Agra Fort, where he died in 1666 CE.
- Aurangzeb proclaimed himself the new emperor in 1658 CE.
Aurangzeb (1658-1707 CE)
- Aurangzeb ruled for almost 60 years, being an efficient general and devout Muslim.
- He reversed tolerant policies of earlier emperors, particularly Akbar, causing revolts due to alienation and increased taxation.
- Aurangzeb spent much of his reign suppressing revolts and extending the empire in the Deccan.
- Initially allied with Rajputs, granting high mansabs to Raja Jaswant Singh and Raja Raj Singh.
- After Jaswant Singh’s death in 1678 CE, conflict with Marwar alienated the Rajputs.
- Aurangzeb sought to establish an empire based on Islamic principles, prohibiting dance, music, gambling, alcohol, and opium.
- Official chroniclers were stopped from writing about him because Islam discouraged vanity.
- Aurangzeb re-imposed the jizyah, only exempting the poor.
- Aurangzeb’s policies led to revolts, including the Jats of Mathura in 1669 CE under Gokal Jat, and the Satnamis in 1672 CE.
- Early in his reign, he annexed Cooch Behar in 1661 CE, during which he concentrated on northeast India.
- The Raja of Assam surrendered forts, signed a treaty in 1663 CE, and gave a daughter in marriage to Aurangzeb.
- Aurangzeb spent his last 25 years in the Deccan, conquering Bijapur in 1686 CE and Golconda in 1687 CE.
- Under Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest geographical extent.
- The Deccan campaign ruined Aurangzeb in the long run, trying to win a losing battle against the Marathas.
- The Marathas, chieftains near Poona and the Konkan, challenged Aurangzeb.
- Many Marathas held positions in Ahmadnagar and Bijapur kingdoms.
- Shivaji founded the Maratha Empire, born in 1627 CE near Poona with his father Shahaji being an officer in the Bijapur kingdom, and his mother being Jija Bai.
- Shivaji captured Torna Fort from Bijapur and seized several forts along the Konkan Coast by age 20.
- Aurangzeb sent Shaista Khan to recapture Maratha lands, but Shivaji defeated him in 1663 CE and captured Surat in 1664 CE.
- Aurangzeb sent Raja Jai Singh, who captured the fort of Puranadar where Shivaji was lodged, forcing Shivaji to sign the Treaty of Purandar in 1665 CE.
- Shivaji surrendered most of his forts and accepted Aurangzeb as emperor.
- Aurangzeb imprisoned Shivaji in Agra, but Shivaji escaped in 1666 CE and expanded his kingdom from 1670 to 1674 CE.
- After Shivaji’s death in 1680 CE, the Marathas continued to attack the Mughals.
- Guru Nanak was the founder of the Sikh religion.
- Aurangzeb ordered the beheading of Guru Tegh Bahadur for refusing to embrace Islam.
- Guru Gobind transformed the Sikhs into the Khalsa military sect in 1699 CE.
- Guru Gobind wanted to establish a Sikh state in Punjab, before dying in 1708 CE.
- The Sikhs continuing their struggle under Banda Bahadur.
- Aurangzeb’s Deccan policy kept him away from Delhi for 25 years, causing infighting among nobles.
- Constant wars drained the royal treasury, and agricultural land was wasted to pay for battles.
- Aurangzeb’s religious and military policies made enemies of the Jats, Satnamis, Sikhs, and Marathas.
Decline of the Mughal Empire
- Aurangzeb’s policies weakened the Mughal Empire.
- After Aurangzeb’s death at the age of 88 in 1707 CE, weak successors led to its collapse.
- Invasions by Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali further hastened the collapse.
- Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal ruler, was exiled by the British after the Mutiny of 1857 CE, ending Mughal rule in India.
Further points
- Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
- A painting by Abanindranath Tagore, shows an old and ailing Shah Jahan gazing longingly at the Taj Mahal from the Agra Fort, where he had been kept imprisoned by his son, Aurangzeb.
- Khalsa members were baptised with water stirred with a dagger and received the title Singh.
- Every Sikh was expected to have the five K's: kangha, kirpan, kada, kachchera and kesh.
- Kangha: comb, representing cleanliness.
- Kirpan: small dagger, representing honor and justice.
- Kada: bangle, reminding to do good work.
- Kachchera: shorts, symbolising modesty.
- Kesh: hair, symbolising strength.
- The holy book of the Sikhs is the Guru Granth Sahib.
- Their house of worship is known as the Gurudwara.
- Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth Guru, was killed under Jahangir’s orders.
- Singh means ‘lion’
- The Early Mughals included Babur and Humayun.
- The Great Mughals were Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.
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Explore the reign of Jahangir, who succeeded Akbar and continued the Mughal expansion. Learn about his military campaigns, including victories led by Khurram (later Shah Jahan), and his emphasis on justice and governance.
