Emperor Jahangir: Reign and Challenges

• Nassiruddin Mohammad Jahangir was born to a Rajput princess, Hina Kunwari (Harikaba).
• Nominated by all nobles to be the next Sultan, instead of Akbar's grandson, making him comparatively weak.
• Claimed to establish Islam as the state religion, but was tolerant toward Christians and Hindus.
• Banned consumption of liquor and tobacco for all except himself, and was interested in paintings, music, etc.
• Married Mehrunissa (Noor-e-jahan) in 1611 after the death of her husband, Sher Afghan, in mysterious circumstances.
• Built a justice bell in Agra to allow individuals to directly access the king by ringing it.
• Continued the ban on cow slaughter and restricted consumption of meat on certain days of the week.
• Faced continuous disputes with Khusrau Mirza, who claimed the throne as per Akbar's will.
• Defeated and killed Guru Arjun Dev and Abul Fazl in 1606.
• Visited by Thomas Roe in 1614.
• Endured constant challenges from his step-brother, Murtaza Mirza, and the sons of Daniel Mirza, leaving him a weak ruler.
• In 1627, he died on the way from Kabul in Kashmir due to the winters.

Shah Jahan

• Also known as Khurram Mirza.
• Defeated Shariye in battle to become Sultan, and was supported by Rajputs, particularly the Sisodias of Mewar, because he was the son of Jodha Bai.
• His rule consisted of construction.
• Built Shaljanabad, Lal Qila (Red Fort), and the peacock throne (Taght-e-taus) as well as the Taj Mahal in memory of Mumtaz in 1632.
• Fought the Battle of Hugli in 1632 and defeated the Portuguese, ending their aspirations of an empire.
• The first Mughal to successfully conquer the Deccan with help from his son, Aurangzeb (Alamgir).
• Issued numerous coins and maintained a very rigid state policy.
• Collected taxes without any exemptions, and during his rule, the Mughal state contributed 27% of the world's GDP.
• Destroyed 76 temples in Banaras and numerous temples in Delhi, as mentioned in his own book, Badshahnama.
• In his final days, he fell sick was under the guidance of Dara Shikoh.
• Dara Shikoh claimed to be the son of Mumtaz, while Roshnara and Jahanara were his daughters.
• Murad Bakhsh remained in the northwest, and Aurangzeb remained in the Deccan, resulting in conflict.
• Aurangzeb took over the kingdom by defeating Dara Shikoh in the Battle of Deorai and Samugarh.
• During Shah Jahan's period, Kabul and Kandahar were lost to Persia, and later Punjab was also lost.
• Aurangzeb then regained kingdoms from Kashmir to Punjab.
• Aurangzeb faced problems with the Deccan because he himself was a strict Sunni Muslim and they were Shia.
• Aurangzeb focused on home rule in India from the beginning of year 26 of his reign because he was a strict Sunni Muslim and they were Shia.
• From 1657, "jizya" (tax) and Mahsool Munsifi ( only bolas) were imposed, except that all had to pay.

Vijayanagara Kingdom

• Eemerged as a rebel kingdom during the reign of Mohammad Bin Tughlaq.
• Mohammad Bin Tughlaq forcibly converted two brothers of the Deccan region who were working under a minor kingdom named Kampli.
• Sangama brothers, Harihara Rai and Bukka Rai, founded the city with Vidyanegare, with the blessing of Hindi saint, Vidya Renya.
• Dynasty eventually became known as Vijayanagara Dynasty.
• Had 4 major dynasties
  • Sangama (1333-1485)
  • Saluva (1485-1505)
  • Tuluva (1505 - 1570)
  • Aravidu (1570-1650)
• Tuluva dynasty was the most popular and Shri Krishnadevaraya ruled between 1509-1529.
• Shri Krishnadevaraya is known to have promoted Telugu as the primary state language for Vijayanagara.
• He took complete control over Krishna - Tungabhadra doab with the Battle of Diwani and ended the Bahamani challenge.
• Maintained close relations with the Portuguese in Goa through Alfonso de Albuquerque.
• Most powerful king of the Deccan based on Tuzk-e-Babri by Babur. His court was visited by Portuguese travelers Barbossa and Domingo Paes.
• Extensive trade relations existed with Europe
• Telugu book Amuktamalyada was written and maintained by Telugu scholars, ashtadiggajas.
• Tenali Ramakrishna was his advisor in the court.
• Devaraya also wrote 2 Sanskrit books - Jambavati Kalyanam and Ushaparinayam.
• Built Virupaksha temple in Pattadakal and the Tirumala temple was developed.
• promoted the Vaishnava tradition in South, and was succeeded by his brother Achyuta Raya (1529-42).
• During his period, the Tirumala temple was expanded and Carnatic music was further developed.
• The traveler Fernao Nuniz visited his court in 1542.
• After a brief dispute, the kingdom fell into the hands of Sadasiva Raya- nephew.
• Eventually declined and during Sadasiva's period in 1565 with the Battle of Talikota, Deccan Sultans combined forces and attacked the Vijaynagara kingdom.
• During this period Vijaynagara state was looted and in ruins left thampi Vijay nagare as capital remained.
• In 1570, Vijayanagara kingdom moved to Chandragiri region in Andhra and established the Aravidu dynasty, who were later overthrown by the Mless of Mysore & Europeans.
• Major contribution is the development of Deccan Architecture and Dravidian architecture, especially of Temples in South India.

Portuguese Relations

• Great Columbian Trade introduced cashew, jeni (liquor), cabbage, spinach, aloo etc. as well as Pao (used taadi to make it), vada, modra meds.
• 16% of people from Goa sold to Portugal and got citizenship there.
• Much of what we eat today is Portuguese.
• 1st Autopsy by Portuguese
• Portuguese VOC and Estato de Indie (de portuguese) came from a Casa de (East)Albuquerque Indies
• Cabral lost the Battle of Chaul to Portuguese and Arab interests, but made money by loot
• In the Tell, 1961, the Portuguese founded Goa as the capital.
• Almeida was the first to mint coins and established Coachin as capital and maintained sound relations with the Portuguese and neighboring powers, and built a fort with permission from the king.
• Alfonso d' Albuquerque introduced Cartaz to Melace and entered the East China Sea trade route, and made ethnic marriages a goal to get independent ethnic messages.
• Took Goa from Nicom In 1510
• Respected Indian ways & learnt hari
• 1632, Jahangir episode
• Great columbian exchange for goods like pao, panner, Lady canny (dessert).

Dutch

• +90% Julbber Duted companies
• Dutch invented a lot in Indonesia.
• Trade with Kochin built fort
• Dutch palace Buggeti
• Similar to Portuguese at waste only
• Commercialized cotton - trade export to Europe (long cotton), Spice trade - Cinamon, pepper etc.
• Introduced Cartel - gave fermented food like idli, dose, utleppen etc. -noodles, chinese pancakes.
• 1741-Battle of Kuachal - Dutch in Indonesia (Ambonic dispute)
• Dutch defeat by Calicut
• 1759 - Dutch v/s British (Battle of Chinsura) Anglo- Dutch Treaty - no interfere
• Dutch in Sri Lanka - Dilma tea Company-Dutch sold Sri Canka to British ( 1946) India-Indonesia foreign Relation(Sukerro-Biju Patrayat)

British East Indian Company (EIC)

• Company set to give taxes
• East India company
• Merchant owned company
• 1610- Red dragon ship-William Hawke
• 1612. Thomas Roe (knew persian, 2 beer, 2 paintings,
• 1612 - Portuguese Is Dutch
• Battle of swalikoht Surat
• Francis day merchant lease by Raja Chandragiri. Chennai, (Machas). East India company 3000 Rs. tax per year ,Saint George 1639 artificial
• 1661- Charles & Portuguese queen (dowry of island Bombal

Alfonso De Albuquerque

• 2nd viceroy
• Albuquerque, encouraged Portuguese to marry Indians and occupied Malacca.
• Also introduced Cartes for trade and was succeeded by weak generals.
• From 1554, forceful conversion to Christian ships in world and in 1632, India under Shah Jahar restricted too Coast.
• Trade consisted of cotton, spice, and non-precious metals
• 166Princess Caming to marriage and by that brought Indian wealth.

###Dutch East India Company (VOC)

• The company began In 1602 by Comolius de Hautman with Indian stock joints.
• East India Company.
• In1605 leased first tactory.
• Pulikat company later it was capital of Nagapatinam, In 1609 the 1st Company
• Involved in spice, replite and rubber plantation
• The company large scale involved in fori Gerldriain,Puliked
• They East India and it existed East India Company (174Dutch) but were British

Robert Clive

• Clive was appointed as governor and got rich in the midst of such tragedy
• India 175 After blackhold tragedy.
• Clive East became rich East and had to manage from then and his rich became of
• Robert Robert East He East Robert, In1758,Robert Clives made an Indian East .he East Robert gave East , the 1769 Robert was rich. Robert .Robert 1774"