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Questions and Answers
What was the underlying principle of Akbar's policy of sulh-i kul?
What was the underlying principle of Akbar's policy of sulh-i kul?
- Consolidating military power to suppress religious dissent and maintain order.
- Prioritizing economic prosperity through trade agreements with European powers.
- Promoting 'universal peace' and tolerance among all religions and classes. (correct)
- Establishing a uniform legal code applicable to all religious communities.
How did Jahangir characterize his father Akbar's policy of sulh-i kul?
How did Jahangir characterize his father Akbar's policy of sulh-i kul?
- A system of governance that favored the majority religious group.
- A broad compassion, allowing all classes and creeds within the empire. (correct)
- A policy that promoted religious conversions to unify the empire.
- A strategic alliance with neighboring kingdoms to ensure regional stability.
What does the inscription on the silver coins struck by Jahangir reveal?
What does the inscription on the silver coins struck by Jahangir reveal?
- Jahangir's devotion to a specific religious order.
- Recognition of Queen Begum, Nur Jahan, in the empire. (correct)
- Jahangir's military victories and territorial expansion.
- The economic policies implemented during Jahangir's reign.
What does Nur Jahan's farman signify about her role in the Mughal empire?
What does Nur Jahan's farman signify about her role in the Mughal empire?
What was the economic reality in the Mughal Empire, as observed by international travelers?
What was the economic reality in the Mughal Empire, as observed by international travelers?
What does the revenue collection system during the Mughal era reveal about the condition of primary producers?
What does the revenue collection system during the Mughal era reveal about the condition of primary producers?
During Shah Jahan's reign, what percentage of the total mansabdars constituted the highest-ranking officials?
During Shah Jahan's reign, what percentage of the total mansabdars constituted the highest-ranking officials?
What percentage of the total estimated revenue did the highest-ranking mansabdars receive during Shah Jahan's time?
What percentage of the total estimated revenue did the highest-ranking mansabdars receive during Shah Jahan's time?
What was the impact of the Mughal emperors' and their mansabdars' spending on salaries and goods?
What was the impact of the Mughal emperors' and their mansabdars' spending on salaries and goods?
What was a consequence of the administrative and military efficiency of the Mughal Empire?
What was a consequence of the administrative and military efficiency of the Mughal Empire?
Flashcards
Farman
Farman
An order from a ruler. Nur Jahan also issued these.
Sulh-i kul
Sulh-i kul
A policy of "universal peace" described by Jahangir and promoted by Akbar, allowing all religions and beliefs.
Mansabdars
Mansabdars
High-ranking officials in the Mughal administration who received a large portion of the empire's revenue as salaries.
Who was Nur Jahan?
Who was Nur Jahan?
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Study Notes
Nur Jahan's Influence
- Jahangir minted silver coins with his titles and inscribed them with the name of Queen Begum, Nur Jahan.
- Nur Jahan issued an order (farman); its square seal states, "Command of her most Sublime and Elevated Majesty Nur Jahan Padshah Begum".
- The round seal on Nur Jahan's farman declares that she became as brilliant as the moon during Jahangir's reign.
Sulh-i kul
- Jahangir described his father Akbar's policy of sulh-i kul as creating space for all classes and religions within his empire.
- Akbar's policy of sulh-i kul extended to professors of opposite religions and beliefs with the aim of diminishing intolerance.
- During Akbar's reign, Sunnis and Shias worshiped in the same mosque, while Christians and Jews prayed in the same church.
- Akbar adhered to the principle of "universal peace" (sulh-i kul).
Mughal Empire in the 17th Century
- The administrative and military efficiency of the Mughal Empire brought economic and commercial prosperity.
- International travelers depicted the Mughal Empire as a fabled land of wealth
- Visitors were taken aback by the poverty existing alongside opulence, making inequality evident.
- Highest-ranking mansabdars numbered 445 out of 8,000, which is 5.6% of the total number, during Shah Jahan's 20th year as ruler.
- The 5.6% of mansabdars received 61.5% of total revenue as salaries for themselves and troopers.
- Mughal emperors and their mansabdars allocated significant income to salaries and goods, which benefited artisans and peasants who provided them with goods and produce.
- Revenue collection practices left peasants and artisans with minimal investment capacity; the poorest lived hand to mouth, without resources to invest in tools and supplies.
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