Mucous Membrane and Immune System Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What is mucus?

A slimy secretion produced by and covers membranes

Where are mucous membranes found?

Soft, inner lining of organs and body cavities (nose, mouth, lungs)

What are MALT?

Lymphoid tissues situated along mucous membranes that line digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts

Where are interstitial macrophages found?

<p>Cells found in the stroma of the lung. They are smaller and less phagocytic than alveolar macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of alveolar macrophages?

<p>Phagocytose small particles in alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence immunity?

<p>Microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dysbiosis?

<p>Chronic inflammation (IBS) immune system must tolerate good microbes and get rid of bad microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic inflammation is always beneficial.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are primary lymphoid organs?

<p>Where we generate immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

<p>Where immune cells function</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do immune cells travel through the body?

<p>Lymphatic system and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are myeloid cells?

<p>Innate cells, dendritic cells and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the humoral response?

<p>Blood and plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell-mediated response?

<p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors do innate cells have?

<p>Microbial sensors such as TLR which act as pattern recognition receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key roles of dendritic cells?

<p>Destroy pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immune system composed of?

<p>Composed of widely distributed cells, tissues, and organs recognizes self, foreign substances and microbes cleans up old cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is immunity?

<p>General ability of host to resist a particular disease or infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the key functions of the immune system?

<p>Distinguish between different foreign pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key features of the effector response and vaccinations?

<p>More rapid immune response upon re-exposure to immunological memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do protein antigen-based vaccinations work?

<p>Component of virus that our immune system is able to recognize which results in a clonal expansion of B cells and T cells. Doesn't have knowledge of all but can recognize a portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do inactivated virus vaccines work?

<p>Recognize all the pieces of the virus, clone army can recognize the most antigenic pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do mRNA vaccines work?

<p>Allows our bodies to make the protein (antigenic) through mRNA translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which influenza proteins are involved in the infection and exit process, respectively?

<p>NA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Thucydides?

<p>In 430 BC noted that those who recovered from the plague could nurse the sick without repeated infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was variolation?

<p>Turks and Chinese took dried crusts from smallpox pustules and inhaled or inserted them into cuts of the skin This works as an attenuated virus because the person is already fighting off the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Ed Jenner?

<p>Inoculated 8 year old with cowpox (weaker) and then intentionally infected him with smallpox. The boy was immune</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is smallpox?

<p>Variola (spotted) major/minor Eradicated Unique to humans (reservoirs) Scarring for life</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Louis Pasteur?

<p>Developed rabies and anthrax (sheep) vaccine Identified Cholera</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity was conferred by Pasteur's treatment for rabies?

<p>Passive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Opportunistic infections are generally what type of organisms?

<p>Ubiquitous (Candida + Herpes HSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the "Super Fungus" scare of the 1980s?

<p>Many people began to die with opportunistic fungus infections due to a lack of immune system (CD4+ cells) People had AIDS caused by HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an active vaccine?

<p>Anti-pathogen response generated by you</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who received the Nobel Prize for their work on the major histocompatibility complex?

<p>Dausett</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who received the Nobel Prize for their work on gene rearrangement in antibody production?

<p>Susumu Tonegawa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who received the Nobel Prize for their work on the role of the histocompatibility complex in antigen recognition by T cells?

<p>Doherty and Zinkernagel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who received the Nobel Prize for their work on discovering the activating principles of innate immunity?

<p>Hoffman and Beutler</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who received the Nobel Prize for their work on the role of dendritic cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>Steinman</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune cells are deficient in HIV?

<p>CD4 immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of serum is responsible for its immune action?

<p>Gamma-globulin immunoglobulin (IgG) or antibodies were responsible</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before the development of antibiotics, what was given to patients?

<p>Antisera (horse). Still use snake and scorpion anti-venom</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Metchnikoff?

<p>Demonstrated that certain white blood cells phagocytized microorganisms and other foreign materials At the time he proposed that it was not serum components but rather cells that mediated immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Chase?

<p>in the 1940s he transferred immunity to TB between guinea pigs using wbc</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is passive immunity?

<p>Antisera or transferred white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is FluMist?

<p>Attenuated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is the intramuscular flu vaccine?

<p>Inactivated virus/protein antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is mumps most common in?

<p>Children ages 2-12 who have not been vaccinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period of mumps?

<p>Is 12-24 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MMR immunization?

<p>Given to children 12-15 months or 4-6 years old 11-12 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is Pasteur's cholera vaccine?

<p>Attenuated virus Active</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is Pasteur's anthrax vaccine?

<p>Attenuated virus Active</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is Pasteur's rabies vaccine?

<p>Active and passive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mucous Membrane and Associated Structures

  • Mucus: Slimy secretion covering mucous membranes.
  • Mucous membranes: Soft inner linings of various organs (nose, mouth, lungs).
  • Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT): Lymphoid tissue found along mucous membranes, mainly in the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts.
  • Interstitial macrophages: Smaller, less phagocytic lung macrophages found in the stroma.
  • Alveolar macrophages: Phagocytic cells in the alveoli, removing small particles.

Immune System Fundamentals

  • Immunity Basis: Influenced by genotype, diet, exercise, microbiota, stress, and antibiotic use.
  • Dysbiosis: Imbalance of gut microbiota, causing chronic inflammation (e.g., IBS). The immune system needs to balance the good and bad microbes.
  • Chronic inflammation: Always detrimental to health.
  • Primary lymphoid organs: Sites of immune cell generation.
  • Secondary lymphoid organs: Sites of immune cell function.
  • Immune cell travel: Via lymphatic system and blood vessels.
  • Myeloid cells: Innate cells, including dendritic cells and macrophages.
  • Lymphoid cells: Adaptive cells, like B and T cells.
  • Humoral response: Antibody-mediated response in blood and plasma.
  • Cell-mediated response: T-cell-mediated response.
  • Innate receptor types: Microbial sensors (e.g., TLRs) acting as pattern recognition receptors.
  • Dendritic cells: Recognize, destroy, and present pathogen components to T cells.
  • Immune System Components: The immune system encompasses cells, tissues, and organs working together to recognize self, foreign invaders, aged cells, and promote beneficial microbial interactions. Immune cells distinguish self from non-self.

Immunity and Vaccination

  • Immunity definition: Body's ability to resist a disease or infection.
  • Immunology: Study of the immune system.
  • Immune system functions: Distinguishing self and foreign invaders; promoting interactions with beneficial microbes; recognizing different pathogens.
  • Effector Response and Vaccines: Recognition of a pathogen often triggers an effector response to eliminate it. A robust immune response is important prior to an actual exposure to the antigen, which results from vaccinations.
  • Protein Antigen Vaccinations: Immune system recognizes parts of a pathogen, resulting in the clonal expansion of B and T cells.
  • Inactivated virus vaccines: Recognize all components of the virus, leading to a clonal expansion to recognize the most antigenic components.
  • mRNA vaccines: Allow the body to produce the viral protein and create an immune response via mRNA translation.
  • Flu vaccine components: Hemmaglutinin (HA) for cell entry and Neuraminidase (NA) for exit.
  • Variolation: Early method of smallpox protection using materials from smallpox pustules.
  • Edward Jenner: Developed the concept of vaccination using cowpox as protection against smallpox.
  • Smallpox: Eradicated disease impacting humans only.
  • Louis Pasteur: Developed rabies and anthrax vaccines.
  • Active immunity: Immunity developed through the body's response to the pathogen.
  • Passive immunity: Immunity provided by antibodies from an external source, like breast milk.
  • Opportunistic infections: Frequently caused by ubiquitous organisms and emerge often in immunocompromised individuals.

Immune System History, Nobel Laureates, and Concepts

  • Thucydides: Observed immunity to the Plague.
  • Nobel laureates (immunology): Snell, Dausset, Benacerraf (MHC); Tonegawa (antibody gene rearrangement); Doherty & Zinkernagel (MHC role in T cell antigen recognition); Hoffman & Beutler (innate immunity); Steinman (dendritic cells)
  • HIV and immune deficiency: HIV causes a deficiency in CD4 immune cells.
  • Serum and immunity: Serum contains antibodies that can neutralize toxins. Used prior to antibiotics, for example anti-venom.
  • Ilya Metchnikoff: Discovered phagocytosis as a key immune mechanism.
  • Philip G. Chase: Demonstrated cell transfer of immunity (TB).
  • Types of vaccinations: Active and passive (antisera).
  • MMR immunization schedule: Multiple ages of administration for best effect.
  • Examples of pasteurization vaccines: Cholera, anthrax.

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Description

Explore the functions and structures of mucous membranes and their association with the immune system. This quiz covers key concepts like mucus secretion, mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue, and the principles of immunity including dysbiosis and chronic inflammation. Test your understanding of how these components interact in maintaining health.

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