Mucosal Immunity and Immunology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about oral tolerance is true?

  • It does not require a functional immune system.
  • It is a feature of the abnormal immune system.
  • It is not antigen-specific.
  • It can be induced by immunization at mucosal sites like the nasal cavity. (correct)

    • What is a characteristic of oral tolerance?

  • It is always complete and permanent.
  • It is often partial and can wane over time. (correct)
  • It is not dose or route dependent.
  • It is easier to induce a response than reduce an established response.

    • Which of the following statements about oral tolerance is false?

  • It can be local or systemic.
  • It is a feature of normal immune function.
  • It is easier to induce tolerance with good immunogens and adjuvants.
  • It does not require the presence of commensals for proper immune response development. (correct)

    • What is a general property of oral tolerance?

    <p>It is easier to abrogate a response than reduce an established response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about oral tolerance is true?

    <p>It can result in a quantitative reduction in antibody levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of oral tolerance?

    <p>It may inhibit antibody responses while T cell responses remain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about oral tolerance is false?

    <p>It is not dose or route dependent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a general property of oral tolerance?

    <p>It is easier to abrogate a response than reduce an established response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about oral tolerance is true?

    <p>It requires a functional immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of oral tolerance?

    <p>Good immunogens are better at inducing tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mucosal Immunity

    • The adult gut processes over 1 ton of nutrients per year, with a large surface area specialized for absorption, spanning around 400m².

    Systemic vs. Mucosal Immunity

    • Mucosal tissues encounter undefined antigens continuously, whereas systemic environments encounter them rarely.
    • Mucosal immunity is essential for protection against pathogens, preventing hypersensitivity to foods and commensal organisms, and for vaccine development.

    Mucosal Tissues and Cells

    • Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) includes inductive and effector sites, such as NALT (Nasal), GALT (gut), and others.
    • Peyer's patches contain 50% B cells, 30% T cells, and 8% macrophages, with few plasma cells.
    • Isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs) are induced by commensal gut microorganisms and contain mainly B cells, some T cells, and dendritic cells.

    Peyer's Patches and ILFs

    • Peyer's patches are inductive sites of GALT, connecting to the lymphatic system only by efferent lymph vessels.
    • B lymphocytes from Peyer's patches give rise to IgA-producing plasma cells that home to all mucosal sites.

    M Cells

    • M cells are specialized epithelial cells that take up and transport particulate antigens, located above Peyer's patches and ILFs.
    • M cells are targets for particles, viruses, parasites, and bacteria, including cholera toxin, poliovirus, HIV, and more.

    Cells of Mucosal Immune System

    • Conventional cells include dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils.
    • Specific cells include epithelial cells, M cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), and lamina propria T cells.

    Lamina Propria T Cells

    • Lamina propria T cells are mainly CD4+, produce cytokines, and express α4β7 integrin.
    • T cell subsets include Tregs, Th1, Th2, and Th17, each with distinct functions and cytokine production.

    Intraepithelial Lymphocytes (IELs)

    • IELs are mainly CD8+, express αEβ7 integrin, and are unresponsive to TCR stimulation.
    • IELs can be derived extrathymically and recognize MadCAM and CCL25, homing to mucosal tissue.

    Lymphocyte Homing

    • Homing involves chemokines, rolling adhesion, and tight adhesion, facilitated by α4β7 integrin and MAdCAM-1.
    • Further migration occurs through chemokine recognition, such as CCL25 and CCL20, and adhesion through E-cadherin.

    B Cell Function: Secretory IgA

    • Secretory IgA is produced by mucosal B cells and is essential for mucosal immunity.
    • IgA production is influenced by TGFβ and IL-5 and has different functions and activities compared to IgG.

    Oral Tolerance

    • Oral tolerance requires a functional immune system and symbiosis with commensal organisms.
    • Features of oral tolerance include antigen specificity, partiality, and a quantitative reduction in antibody levels, which wane with time.

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    Related Documents

    Mucosal Immunity PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on mucosal immunity and immunology with this quiz covering topics such as mucosal surfaces, lymphocyte homing, B and T cell functions, and oral tolerance. Explore the differences between systemic and mucosal immunity and the specialized cells involved in mucosal immunity.

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