Anatomy 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary action of the infraspinatus muscle?

G-H adduction

G-H external rotation (correct)

G-H flexion

G-H internal rotation

Which of the following is NOT a landmark of the radius?

Olencranon (correct)

Styloid process

Radial tuberosity

Ulnar notch

Which two articulations comprise the elbow joint?

Humeroulnar and scapulothoracic

Humeroradial and scapulohumeral

Humeroulnar and humeroradial (correct)

Humeroulnar and tibiofemoral

Which muscle is primarily responsible for G-H internal rotation and is not part of the rotator cuff?

Teres major Signup and view all the answers

What is the medial attachment point of the subscapularis muscle?

Subscapular fossa Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mid-sagittal plane?

Divides the body equally into right and left portions Signup and view all the answers

Which axis allows for movements in the frontal plane?

Anterior-posterior axis Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is associated with flexion?

Movement that bends the joint or decreases the angle between body parts Signup and view all the answers

Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

Transverse plane Signup and view all the answers

In what plane do movements around the medial-lateral axis occur?

Sagittal plane Signup and view all the answers

What does the vertical axis represent in movement terminology?

An imaginary line around which movements occur in the horizontal plane Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes extension?

A movement that increases the angle between body parts Signup and view all the answers

What type of plane is the frontal/coronal plane classified as?

Vertical plane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the extensor hallucis longus (EHL)?

Extension of MTP and IP of the 1st digit Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle assists in dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot?

Peroneus tertius Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for preventing tendons from bowing during muscle contraction?

Inferior extensor retinaculum Signup and view all the answers

Where does the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) attach distally?

Middle and distal phalanges of the lateral 4 toes Signup and view all the answers

What is the terminal destination of the peroneus longus?

Base of the 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform Signup and view all the answers

Which tendon is palpated laterally during examination?

Peroneus longus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions does NOT occur with the extensor digitorum longus?

Plantar flexion of the ankle Signup and view all the answers

What would be a weak action of the peroneus tertius?

Eversion Signup and view all the answers

What does abduction refer to in movement terminology?

Moving the body part away from the median plane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements is classified as a type of eversion?

Turning the sole of the foot outward Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes internal rotation in terms of movement?

A movement that involves the body part moving inward Signup and view all the answers

What movement is described by extension around a medial-lateral axis?

Moving a body part posteriorly from the anatomical position Signup and view all the answers

Which type of movement does horizontal adduction specifically refer to?

Adduction from a flexed position Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary movement of abduction concerning the shoulder?

Lifting the arm upward Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes eversion?

Turning the sole of the foot away from the midline Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement occurs when the knee experiences internal rotation?

The distal end of the femur rotates inward Signup and view all the answers

What is the inferior attachment of the Gastrocnemius muscle?

Calcaneus via the Achilles tendon Signup and view all the answers

Which action is NOT performed by the Soleus muscle?

Eversion Signup and view all the answers

What nerve-related structure is significant in the context of tibial tendon injuries?

Tarsal tunnel Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles does NOT help with the flexion of the toes?

Abductor hallucis Signup and view all the answers

Which structure provides a tunnel for the tendons passing behind the medial malleolus?

Flexor retinaculum Signup and view all the answers

What are the actions of the Flexor digitorum longus?

Flexion of 2nd – 5th digits and plantar flexion Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is referred to as being weak yet significant if ruptured?

Plantaris Signup and view all the answers

How do the muscles of the fourth layer of the sole of the foot primarily function?

Abducting and adducting the toes Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Flexor hallucis longus attach distally?

Plantar surface of the 1st distal phalanx Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'triceps surae' refer to?

Combination of Gastrocnemius and Soleus Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the leg do the peroneus brevis tendons pass?

Behind the lateral malleolus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the Tibialis posterior muscle?

Inversion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the first layer in the sole of the foot?

Lumbricals Signup and view all the answers

Which tendon is shared between the Gastrocnemius and Soleus muscles?

Achilles tendon Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Movement Terminology: Flexion and Extension

Flexion involves posterior movement from the anatomical position in lower limbs; in other parts, it moves anteriorly.
Extension increases the angle between body parts, such as at the knee joint.

Movement Terminology: Abduction and Adduction

Abduction moves a body part away from the median plane, occurring in the frontal plane around an anterior-posterior axis.
Horizontal abduction refers to abduction from a flexed position.
Adduction moves a body part towards the median plane, also in the frontal plane.

Inversion and Eversion

Inversion refers to the inward movement of the foot towards the median plane along the coronal plane.
Eversion is the opposite, moving the foot outwards away from the median plane.

Rotation Movements

External (lateral) rotation moves a body part outward around a vertical axis, while internal (medial) rotation moves it inward.
Movements may reference specific segments, like the rotation of the tibia in internal rotation.

Anatomical Planes

Mid-sagittal (median) plane divides the body into equal right and left portions, running vertically.
Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Axes of Movement

The vertical (longitudinal) axis is used for movements in the horizontal plane, such as rotation.
The medial-lateral axis is associated with sagittal plane movements, and the anterior-posterior axis with frontal plane movements.

Compartments of the Leg: Anterior

Extensor hallucis longus (EHL) aids in extension of the first toe and assists in dorsiflexion and inversion.
Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) performs dorsiflexion, eversion, and extension of the lateral 4 toes.

Compartments of the Leg: Lateral

Peroneus longus assists in plantar flexion and eversion of the foot, forming a stirrup.
Peroneus brevis also aids in plantar flexion and eversion.

Compartments of the Leg: Superficial Posterior

Gastrocnemius flexes the knee and plantar flexes the ankle.
Soleus is critical for plantar flexion, often referred to as part of the triceps surae.
Plantaris contributes minimally to plantar flexion.

Compartments of the Leg: Deep Posterior

Tibialis posterior functions in plantar flexion and inversion, attaching to various foot bones.
Flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus assist in flexion of toes and plantar flexion.

Intrinsic Foot Muscles

Extensor digitorum brevis extends the medial four toes.
The sole of the foot contains four muscle layers, with distinct functions in toe movement.

First Layer of the Sole of the Foot

Abductor hallucis: abducts the first toe.
Flexor digitorum brevis: flexes toes 2-5.
Abductor digiti minimi: abducts the fifth toe.

Second Layer of the Sole of the Foot

Quadratus plantae assists in the flexion of toes via tendons of flexor digitorum longus.
Lumbricals flex MTP joints and extend PIPs/DIPs.

Third Layer of the Sole of the Foot

Flexor hallucis brevis flexes the first MTP joint and has protective sesamoid bones.
Adductor hallucis adducts the first toe, supporting the transverse arch.
Flexor digiti minimi brevis flexes the fifth MTP joint.

Fourth Layer of the Sole of the Foot

Contains interossei muscles responsible for toe abduction (DAB) and adduction (PAD).

Patella

The patella is a triangle-shaped sesamoid bone within the quadriceps tendon, with a base and apex.

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Infraspinatus and teres minor are essential for external rotation of the shoulder.
Subscapularis is key for internal rotation.

Forearm Bones

The radius is the lateral bone, with distinct landmarks like the radial tuberosity and styloid process.
The ulna, the medial bone, has landmarks such as the olecranon and trochlear notch.

Elbow Arthrology

The elbow joint consists of the humeroulnar and humeroradial articulations vital for arm movement.

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Description

Test your knowledge on movement terminology including flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. This quiz covers key concepts of human body movements and their anatomical implications. Perfect for students studying anatomy or physiology.