Motor Skills and Games - Sensory Components

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Questions and Answers

What role do muscle spindles play in kinesthesia?

They enhance muscle contraction strength.

They primarily detect proprioceptive information. (correct)

They transmit pain signals from muscles.

They are responsible for joint lubrication.

Which fibers innervate bag 1 fibers in muscle spindles?

Gamma static fusimotor fibers

Group II afferent fibers

Group Ia afferent fibers

Gamma dynamic fusimotor fibers (correct)

What happens when the tendon of the biceps or triceps brachii is vibrated?

It eliminates sensory feedback from the muscle.

It produces an illusion of movement at the elbow. (correct)

It causes muscular atrophy.

It enhances blood flow to the muscle.

What is the optimal vibration frequency for producing a response in human muscles?

80 Hz Signup and view all the answers

Which afferent fibers terminate as primary endings in muscle spindles?

Group I afferent fibers Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred when joint position sense remains intact after total hip replacement?

Muscle spindles function independently of ligaments. Signup and view all the answers

Which fibers specifically supply bag 2 and chain fibers in muscle spindles?

Group II afferent fibers Signup and view all the answers

What tissues are considered sources of proprioceptive information?

Tendons, ligaments, and connective tissues Signup and view all the answers

What statement accurately describes the role of afferents in proprioception?

They are critical for transmitting sensory information from various tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following senses is NOT primarily involved in motor control?

Taste Signup and view all the answers

What was Aristotle's belief about the number of senses?

He believed in only five senses. Signup and view all the answers

Who challenged the idea that muscle sense only originates from the muscles?

Sherrington Signup and view all the answers

What is proprioception primarily responsible for?

Coordinating movements of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological component can be influenced by proprioceptive training?

Ankles and balance Signup and view all the answers

What is the historical concept of 'Muskelsinn' related to?

Sensation of innervation stemming from muscles. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of kinesthetic sensors?

They provide feedback on muscle exertion. Signup and view all the answers

What did Sherrington demonstrate through his observations?

Relaxed limbs can still provide position awareness. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant factor for motor control, though not one of the three main senses?

Auditory information Signup and view all the answers

The concept of proprioception primarily relates to which of the following?

The position and movement of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the strain gauges in the described setup?

To record the torque generated by elbow flexor muscles Signup and view all the answers

What change occurred in the unexercised arm's torque estimation after the fatigue protocol?

Overestimation by 14% Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes associated with sarcopenia may affect proprioception in the elderly?

Loss of intrafusal fibers and fusimotor neurons Signup and view all the answers

What was observed about the sensory endings in aged rats as reported by Kim et al.?

Normal distribution of sensory endings with structural degradation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method of proprioceptive training for preventing ankle sprains?

Balancing on a wobble board Signup and view all the answers

What was the residual matching error after 100 hours of recovery?

4% Signup and view all the answers

What does proprioceptive training aim to enhance?

Joint position awareness and reaction to input Signup and view all the answers

Over the recovery period, which of the following was true about the torque levels?

Torque was restored to control levels Signup and view all the answers

How do elderly individuals typically experience changes in movement perception?

Degraded dynamic sensitivity of spindle primary endings Signup and view all the answers

Within how many years was the RR of diabetes in the lifestyle group vs placebo group assessed?

3 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of skin afferents in kinesthesia?

They play a minor role in joint movement sensation compared to muscle spindles. Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanoreceptor is specifically mentioned as contributing to proprioception of force and heaviness?

Golgi tendon organs Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely reason for overestimating force during self-stimulation?

Partial suppression of afferent activity. Signup and view all the answers

In what context are subjects more accurate at matching forces?

Before performing any physical activity. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to force perception when one arm is fatigued?

The fatigued muscle's force is usually overestimated. Signup and view all the answers

How does electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves affect muscle spindles?

It stimulates both peripheral nerves and muscle spindles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical matching error in force perception between the two sides under control conditions?

Approximately 5% maximum voluntary contraction or less. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to overestimation of force during low force self-stimulation?

Sensory suppression of afferent signals. Signup and view all the answers

Why might skin receptors play a unique role concerning facial expressions?

Facial muscles lack muscle spindles. Signup and view all the answers

How does fatigue affect perception of force when matching between arms?

The unfatigued arm tends to generate excessive force. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motor Skills and Motor Games - Sensory Components of Motor Control

The course is titled "Motor Skills and Motor Games - Sensory components of motor control"
The professor is Juan Pablo Rey Lopez, with the email address [email protected], belonging to the Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM).
The course has 4.5 ECTS credits and is scheduled for the first semester of 2024/25.

Introduction

Understanding the anatomical and physiological basis of sensory systems (touch, proprioceptive, visual) is crucial in understanding movement control.
Examples include reaching for a glass of water or catching a ball.

Sensory Components Involved in Human Sensory Physiology

Three primary senses are involved:
- Proprioception and motor control
- Touch and motor control
- Vision and motor control
Other sensory inputs like auditory information are also important, especially in sports or balance.

Proprioception

1.1 Historical Background:
- Aristotle believed there were only five senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch).
- Later thinkers recognized the sense of muscular exertion (position, body awareness)
- German physiologists discussed "Muskelsinn"
1.2 Kinesthetic Sensors:
- This deals with changes in limb position and movement.
- Key tissues involved: skin, muscles, tendons, fascia, joint capsules, and ligaments
- Muscle spindles are a key mechanoreceptor for proprioception.
1.3 Senses of Force:
1.4 Proprioception in the Elderly:
- Age-related loss of muscle fibers and neurons (sarcopenia)
- Reduced sensory endings in muscle spindles, especially the dynamic sensitivity of spindle primary endings.
1.5 Proprioceptive Training and Ankle Sprains:
- Exercises challenging the joint's ability to detect and react to sensory input.
- Examples: wobble board, throwing/catching/dribbling a ball while in single-leg stance, balance with eyes closed.

1.1 Proprioception - Historical Background

Aristotle's view of limited senses.
Sherrington's rejection of the idea of a solely central origin of muscle sense, emphasizing the importance of peripheral signals and sensory input from muscles to the brain to understand body position despite being relaxed.

Proprioception (further details)

Proprioception is the sense of body position and movement in space, encompassing muscle force perception.
Proprioceptors are any tissues with mechanical sensors exhibiting shape or tension change—these changes from passive or active motion are sensory input.
These include afferents that sense skeletal muscles, tendons, joint ligaments, connective tissues around muscles, and skin.

Some Lines of Evidence of why Muscle Spindles are the Dominant Mechanoreceptor for Proprioception

Joint replacement surgery: Position and movement sense remain even after all capsule and ligament removal.
Muscle vibration: Vibration of tendon leads to illusion of movement and/or position change

Skin Affrerents

Skin plays a large role in kinesthesia
Their role in position perception is less important in joints nearer to the center of the body than in the extremities, and especially not in facial muscles which lack muscle spindles.
Electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves (ulnar nerve) can trigger illusory movement sensations.
Electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves/muscle spindles leads to illusory movement sensations.

Golgi Tendon Organs and Force/Heaviness

Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) contribute to the sense of force and heaviness.
Attached to muscle fibers in tendons.
Activity in Ib afferents increases with muscle tension/force.

Senses of Force (1.3)

Subjects can match target force both through direct and indirect control to reproduce a target force, matching it by means of visual, tactile, and proprioceptive feedback..

Interpretation of Force Overestimation During Self-Stimulation

During self-generated force, there is a partial suppression of afferents, enabling us to focus.
Force overestimation mainly occurs with low forces.

Force Overestimation Due to Fatigue

Under normal conditions, force matching accuracy is high, approximately 5%.
Fatigue leads to overestimating generated force.
This error comes from efferent signals, with the unfatigued limb sending a higher force for similar activation.

Proprioception in Elderly

Muscle fiber and neuron loss due to sarcopenia also affect intrafusal fibers and fusimotor neurons.
Sensory endings in muscle spindles can be impacted, with a reduced sense of movement and dynamic sensitivity.

Proprioception and Ankle Sprains (1.5)

Proprioceptive training consists of exercises enhancing a joint's ability to detect and respond to sensory input related to joint position..
Examples include wobble board balancing, throwing/catching/dribbling a ball in single leg stance, or balancing with closed eyes.

Potential Benefits of Proprioceptive Training Reducing Ankle Sprains in Sporting Populations

Analyzing RCT (Randomized Controlled Trials) results is key.
Important factors for comparison are risk and rates, time-to-event analysis, and comparisons of means.

Relative Risk (Risk Ratio or Rate Ratio)

Relative Risk (RR): A ratio of the likelihood of an outcome occurring in a group receiving a treatment or exposure to the likelihood of the same outcome in a control group (no treatment or exposure)
RR = 1 indicate no association
RR < 1 indicates a protective factor
RR > 1 indicates a risk factor

Comparison of Two Risks: Relative Risk (RR)

A table summarizing a calculation. It details how to calculate incidence in treated group and in the placebo group.

Survival Curve (Kaplan-Meier Curve)

A visual representation of survival over time.
Shows percentage of subjects still alive at different time points, and visually depicts deaths as downward steps.

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

The number of patients who need treatment to prevent one additional bad outcome.
NNT = 1/ ARR (where ARR = Absolute Risk Reduction)

DPP trial: Primary Outcome – Diabetes

Relative risk (RR) approximate values of the lifestyle, metformin, and placebo groups of 3 years, as well as cumulative incidence of diabetes based on the diagnosis criteria of the American Diabetes Association, are presented.
Various figures are presented in graphs to highlight the differences and their statistical significance.

Other Notes from Summary

The last several slides contain information relevant to how to analyze results from research studies and clinical trials.
The last slides include questions for further student research, particularly about the effectiveness of proprioceptive training in preventing ankle sprains in sporting populations.

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Description

This quiz explores the sensory components of motor control within the course 'Motor Skills and Motor Games.' It covers essential aspects such as proprioception, touch, and vision, and their roles in movement and balance. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of sensory physiology and its application in motor control.