Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characterizes effective practice as described in performance goals?
What characterizes effective practice as described in performance goals?
- Long and unstructured sessions
- Intense but flexible sessions
- Short, intense, and organized sessions (correct)
- Casual and informal practice
Which of the following best describes SMART goals?
Which of the following best describes SMART goals?
- Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-Bound (correct)
- Only focused on the final outcome
- Generic and vague objectives
- Limited to long-term aspirations
What is the consequence of not coming close to achieving goals?
What is the consequence of not coming close to achieving goals?
- Improved learning outcomes
- Increased motivation to try harder
- Greater acceptance of failure
- Reduced motivation and confidence (correct)
How should successful coaches approach practice planning?
How should successful coaches approach practice planning?
What effect do performance goals have compared to more general goals like 'do your best'?
What effect do performance goals have compared to more general goals like 'do your best'?
What does the motor resonance system primarily enable in learners?
What does the motor resonance system primarily enable in learners?
Under which condition is the activity of the motor resonance system less likely to occur?
Under which condition is the activity of the motor resonance system less likely to occur?
What is a primary benefit of combining physical practice with imagery?
What is a primary benefit of combining physical practice with imagery?
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the activation of different brain areas during imagery?
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the activation of different brain areas during imagery?
What type of goals should be emphasized for skills development?
What type of goals should be emphasized for skills development?
In stroke rehabilitation, why is mental practice important?
In stroke rehabilitation, why is mental practice important?
What effect does weeks of mental imagery practice have on strength training?
What effect does weeks of mental imagery practice have on strength training?
What aspect of observational learning is emphasized through the focus on endpoints or distal actions?
What aspect of observational learning is emphasized through the focus on endpoints or distal actions?
What is a major limitation of imagery without physical practice?
What is a major limitation of imagery without physical practice?
What type of action does the activation of visuomotor neurons facilitate during observational learning?
What type of action does the activation of visuomotor neurons facilitate during observational learning?
What is one characteristic that distinguishes skilled surgical nurses from novice nurses regarding attention?
What is one characteristic that distinguishes skilled surgical nurses from novice nurses regarding attention?
Which practice method has been shown to enhance motor learning according to research findings?
Which practice method has been shown to enhance motor learning according to research findings?
What primarily governs the adjustment of parameters in a Generalized Motor Program (GMP)?
What primarily governs the adjustment of parameters in a Generalized Motor Program (GMP)?
What is the overall goal of practice in motor learning contexts?
What is the overall goal of practice in motor learning contexts?
In the context of motor learning, what is the primary difference between mastery goals and performance goals?
In the context of motor learning, what is the primary difference between mastery goals and performance goals?
What is an example of a situation used to illustrate the need for practicing under variable conditions?
What is an example of a situation used to illustrate the need for practicing under variable conditions?
What aspect of Generalized Motor Programs (GMP) refers to the unchanging features of a skill?
What aspect of Generalized Motor Programs (GMP) refers to the unchanging features of a skill?
Which of the following is a false assumption regarding the relationship between expertise and attention in motor learning?
Which of the following is a false assumption regarding the relationship between expertise and attention in motor learning?
What hypothesis suggests that random practice enhances learning by requiring individuals to produce a solution each time due to forgetting?
What hypothesis suggests that random practice enhances learning by requiring individuals to produce a solution each time due to forgetting?
In which of the following scenarios did random practice not show a clear advantage over blocked practice?
In which of the following scenarios did random practice not show a clear advantage over blocked practice?
Which type of practice is suggested to be better during early acquisition stages?
Which type of practice is suggested to be better during early acquisition stages?
What is the main benefit of overlearning according to the content?
What is the main benefit of overlearning according to the content?
Which of the following practices involves continuous practice past the peak performance level?
Which of the following practices involves continuous practice past the peak performance level?
What aspect of mental practice is NOT typically included according to the information given?
What aspect of mental practice is NOT typically included according to the information given?
Which skill development method utilizes a model to demonstrate the skill before the learner mimics it?
Which skill development method utilizes a model to demonstrate the skill before the learner mimics it?
What is referred to as creating meaningfulness by thinking about task distinctions during practice?
What is referred to as creating meaningfulness by thinking about task distinctions during practice?
Why do learners benefit more from random practice compared to blocked practice when retention tests are conducted?
Why do learners benefit more from random practice compared to blocked practice when retention tests are conducted?
What type of practice is characterized as providing more exposure to varying conditions to enhance skill performance?
What type of practice is characterized as providing more exposure to varying conditions to enhance skill performance?
What is the effect of variable practice on schema learning?
What is the effect of variable practice on schema learning?
In the context of schema learning, what does constant practice involve?
In the context of schema learning, what does constant practice involve?
Which statement is true regarding early skill acquisition?
Which statement is true regarding early skill acquisition?
What is a primary goal when utilizing blocked practice?
What is a primary goal when utilizing blocked practice?
How does random practice differ from blocked practice?
How does random practice differ from blocked practice?
What was the main finding of the Shea and Morgan experiment regarding blocked and random practice?
What was the main finding of the Shea and Morgan experiment regarding blocked and random practice?
What is a potential downside of random practice?
What is a potential downside of random practice?
During a variable practice session, how might the throws be described?
During a variable practice session, how might the throws be described?
Which parameter is important in schema learning regarding practice trials?
Which parameter is important in schema learning regarding practice trials?
What is the main advantage of using variable practice over constant practice in skill development?
What is the main advantage of using variable practice over constant practice in skill development?
Match the following types of goals with their characteristics:
Match the following types of goals with their characteristics:
Match the following aspects of practice with their descriptions:
Match the following aspects of practice with their descriptions:
Match the following components of learning with their definitions:
Match the following components of learning with their definitions:
Match the weeks of in-class review quiz with their respective topics:
Match the weeks of in-class review quiz with their respective topics:
Match the following effects of practice methods with their implications:
Match the following effects of practice methods with their implications:
Match the following terms related to motor learning with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to motor learning with their definitions:
Match the following types of practice with their characteristics:
Match the following types of practice with their characteristics:
Match the following concepts of goals in motor learning with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts of goals in motor learning with their descriptions:
Match the following types of attention with their corresponding characteristics in skilled performance:
Match the following types of attention with their corresponding characteristics in skilled performance:
Match the following aspects of practice with their implications for performance:
Match the following aspects of practice with their implications for performance:
Match the following terms with their significance in schema learning:
Match the following terms with their significance in schema learning:
Match the following descriptions of motor learning concepts with their examples:
Match the following descriptions of motor learning concepts with their examples:
Match the following neurophysiological concepts to their descriptions in the learning process:
Match the following neurophysiological concepts to their descriptions in the learning process:
Match the following terms related to observational learning with their descriptions:
Match the following terms related to observational learning with their descriptions:
Match the following types of imaging with their uses in skill acquisition:
Match the following types of imaging with their uses in skill acquisition:
Match the practice types to their descriptions:
Match the practice types to their descriptions:
Match the following statements about motor areas in the brain with their characteristics:
Match the following statements about motor areas in the brain with their characteristics:
Match the terms with their associated examples:
Match the terms with their associated examples:
Match the different requirements of effective goals in skill practice:
Match the different requirements of effective goals in skill practice:
Match the descriptions of conditions influencing the motor resonance system:
Match the descriptions of conditions influencing the motor resonance system:
Match the learning concepts with their characteristics:
Match the learning concepts with their characteristics:
Match the types of practice with their outcomes:
Match the types of practice with their outcomes:
Match the following benefits of mental imagery with their effects on performance:
Match the following benefits of mental imagery with their effects on performance:
Match the components of imagery in stroke rehabilitation with their respective functions:
Match the components of imagery in stroke rehabilitation with their respective functions:
Match the concept with its explanation:
Match the concept with its explanation:
Match the types of interventions through imagery with their characteristic outcomes:
Match the types of interventions through imagery with their characteristic outcomes:
Match the practice types with the performance context:
Match the practice types with the performance context:
Match the elements of observational learning with their outcomes:
Match the elements of observational learning with their outcomes:
Match the elements of performance with their aspects:
Match the elements of performance with their aspects:
Match the following studies with their findings:
Match the following studies with their findings:
Match the concepts with their application in sports:
Match the concepts with their application in sports:
Match the practice type with its key characteristic:
Match the practice type with its key characteristic:
Match the hypothesis with its description:
Match the hypothesis with its description:
Match the research finding with its respective skill or context:
Match the research finding with its respective skill or context:
Match the component of mental practice with its application:
Match the component of mental practice with its application:
Match the type of learning with its description:
Match the type of learning with its description:
Match the skill performance context with its related practice method:
Match the skill performance context with its related practice method:
Match the type of practice with its main advantage:
Match the type of practice with its main advantage:
Match the hypothesis to its implications for skill learning:
Match the hypothesis to its implications for skill learning:
Match each practice method with the learner benefit it provides:
Match each practice method with the learner benefit it provides:
Which understanding about mental practice in rehabilitation is accurate?
Which understanding about mental practice in rehabilitation is accurate?
What aspect of random practice enhances its effectiveness for retention compared to blocked practice?
What aspect of random practice enhances its effectiveness for retention compared to blocked practice?
Which statement about mastery goals and performance goals is correct?
Which statement about mastery goals and performance goals is correct?
In the context of practice types, which statement best describes blocked practice?
In the context of practice types, which statement best describes blocked practice?
What characteristic differentiates SMART goals from general goals in skill improvement?
What characteristic differentiates SMART goals from general goals in skill improvement?
What is a significant advantage of mental practice according to research findings?
What is a significant advantage of mental practice according to research findings?
How does the activation of mirror neurons facilitate observational learning?
How does the activation of mirror neurons facilitate observational learning?
Which statement details a crucial finding from the Shea and Morgan experiment?
Which statement details a crucial finding from the Shea and Morgan experiment?
What type of practice is best suited for beginners according to the provided concepts?
What type of practice is best suited for beginners according to the provided concepts?
Which form of practice method enhances performance by introducing variability in tasks?
Which form of practice method enhances performance by introducing variability in tasks?
What is the main difference between constant practice and variable practice?
What is the main difference between constant practice and variable practice?
What is a key feature of blocked practice compared to random practice?
What is a key feature of blocked practice compared to random practice?
Which of the following represents an invariant feature of a Generalized Motor Program?
Which of the following represents an invariant feature of a Generalized Motor Program?
What does the forgetting hypothesis suggest about random practice?
What does the forgetting hypothesis suggest about random practice?
What is the primary goal of overlearning in the context of motor skills?
What is the primary goal of overlearning in the context of motor skills?
How does schema learning relate to motor skill development?
How does schema learning relate to motor skill development?
What is the role of imagery in motor learning?
What is the role of imagery in motor learning?
What advantage does random practice provide over blocked practice during retention tests?
What advantage does random practice provide over blocked practice during retention tests?
What is a common misconception about overlearning?
What is a common misconception about overlearning?
In terms of practice methods, what is the benefit of variable practice?
In terms of practice methods, what is the benefit of variable practice?
Match the different goal types with their focus:
Match the different goal types with their focus:
Match the types of practice with their descriptions:
Match the types of practice with their descriptions:
Match the mental practice concepts with their applications:
Match the mental practice concepts with their applications:
Match the studies with their findings:
Match the studies with their findings:
Match the following aspects of goal setting with their significance:
Match the following aspects of goal setting with their significance:
Match the types of practice with their examples:
Match the types of practice with their examples:
Match the components of improvement in practice with their definitions:
Match the components of improvement in practice with their definitions:
Match the types of practice conditions with their learning outcomes:
Match the types of practice conditions with their learning outcomes:
Match the cognitive skills utilized in mental practice with their purposes:
Match the cognitive skills utilized in mental practice with their purposes:
Match the following motor learning concepts with their definitions:
Match the following motor learning concepts with their definitions:
Match the following practice types with their examples:
Match the following practice types with their examples:
Match the following hypotheses with their descriptions in the context of random practice:
Match the following hypotheses with their descriptions in the context of random practice:
Match the following statements regarding practice and learning outcomes:
Match the following statements regarding practice and learning outcomes:
Match the following terms related to motor control with their implications:
Match the following terms related to motor control with their implications:
Match the following features of GMP with their explanations:
Match the following features of GMP with their explanations:
Match the following advantages of practice types with their effects:
Match the following advantages of practice types with their effects:
Match the following examples to their respective practice types:
Match the following examples to their respective practice types:
Match the following practice types with their descriptions:
Match the following practice types with their descriptions:
Match the following factors influencing movement execution with their types:
Match the following factors influencing movement execution with their types:
Match the following constraints with their examples:
Match the following constraints with their examples:
Match the features of effective practice with their focuses:
Match the features of effective practice with their focuses:
Match the following learning concepts with their characteristics:
Match the following learning concepts with their characteristics:
Match the following characteristics of constraints-led approaches with their descriptions:
Match the following characteristics of constraints-led approaches with their descriptions:
Match the following types of practice with their applications:
Match the following types of practice with their applications:
Match the following instructional strategies with their purposes:
Match the following instructional strategies with their purposes:
Match the following characteristics of effective practice with their descriptions:
Match the following characteristics of effective practice with their descriptions:
Match the following instructional techniques with their types:
Match the following instructional techniques with their types:
Match the following aspects of deliberate practice with their implications:
Match the following aspects of deliberate practice with their implications:
Match the following reasons for athlete dropout with their descriptions:
Match the following reasons for athlete dropout with their descriptions:
Match the following strategies for increasing a batter's launch angle with their examples:
Match the following strategies for increasing a batter's launch angle with their examples:
Match the following terms of constraints-led approaches with their features:
Match the following terms of constraints-led approaches with their features:
Match the following components of deliberate practice with their characteristics:
Match the following components of deliberate practice with their characteristics:
Match the following elements of feedback in practice with their roles:
Match the following elements of feedback in practice with their roles:
Match the following classifications of practice with their descriptions:
Match the following classifications of practice with their descriptions:
Match the following elements of practice environment with their benefits:
Match the following elements of practice environment with their benefits:
Match the following practice characteristics with their outcomes:
Match the following practice characteristics with their outcomes:
Match the following practice aspects with their importance:
Match the following practice aspects with their importance:
Match the following types of feedback with their characteristics:
Match the following types of feedback with their characteristics:
Match the following concepts related to learner engagement with their explanations:
Match the following concepts related to learner engagement with their explanations:
Match the different types of practice with their implications for learning:
Match the different types of practice with their implications for learning:
Match the following types of learner practices with their advantages:
Match the following types of learner practices with their advantages:
Match the following impacts of practice structure with their outcomes:
Match the following impacts of practice structure with their outcomes:
Match the following motivations for practice with their contributions:
Match the following motivations for practice with their contributions:
What is overlearning primarily aimed at enhancing?
What is overlearning primarily aimed at enhancing?
How does an external focus of attention influence skill performance?
How does an external focus of attention influence skill performance?
Which practice method encourages learners to discover solutions through experimentation?
Which practice method encourages learners to discover solutions through experimentation?
What is a potential drawback of an internal focus during practice?
What is a potential drawback of an internal focus during practice?
What is the primary focus of a Constraints-Led Approach in teaching?
What is the primary focus of a Constraints-Led Approach in teaching?
What is a primary benefit of practicing with variation?
What is a primary benefit of practicing with variation?
Which of the following best defines Deliberate Practice?
Which of the following best defines Deliberate Practice?
In which scenario would overlearning be particularly beneficial?
In which scenario would overlearning be particularly beneficial?
A key element of Discovery Learning is to:
A key element of Discovery Learning is to:
What is the main principle of Constraints-Led Learning?
What is the main principle of Constraints-Led Learning?
Which of the following statements accurately defines deliberate practice?
Which of the following statements accurately defines deliberate practice?
What does the 10,000-Hour Rule suggest about achieving high-level performance?
What does the 10,000-Hour Rule suggest about achieving high-level performance?
What is NOT a characteristic of effective practice according to the principles outlined?
What is NOT a characteristic of effective practice according to the principles outlined?
What aspect of practice is best illustrated by a golfer aiming for a specific target?
What aspect of practice is best illustrated by a golfer aiming for a specific target?
What is the effect of practicing under variable conditions?
What is the effect of practicing under variable conditions?
In a Constraints-Led Approach, which type of constraints relates to factors like strength and cognitive abilities?
In a Constraints-Led Approach, which type of constraints relates to factors like strength and cognitive abilities?
What is the role of an instructor in Discovery Learning?
What is the role of an instructor in Discovery Learning?
Which characteristic promotes persistence in effective practice?
Which characteristic promotes persistence in effective practice?
How does feedback enhance Deliberate Practice?
How does feedback enhance Deliberate Practice?
What aspect of practice does Individual-Based Practice emphasize?
What aspect of practice does Individual-Based Practice emphasize?
Which type of constraint refers to factors specific to the individual learner?
Which type of constraint refers to factors specific to the individual learner?
Discovery learning promotes retention of knowledge through explicit instruction.
Discovery learning promotes retention of knowledge through explicit instruction.
What is the main goal of deliberate practice?
What is the main goal of deliberate practice?
According to the 10,000-Hour Rule, high-level performance is typically reached after approximately _______ hours of deliberate practice.
According to the 10,000-Hour Rule, high-level performance is typically reached after approximately _______ hours of deliberate practice.
Match the following learning concepts with their definitions:
Match the following learning concepts with their definitions:
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of effective practice?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of effective practice?
High motivation and effort can lead to enhanced skill retention.
High motivation and effort can lead to enhanced skill retention.
Provide an example of a task constraint in baseball training.
Provide an example of a task constraint in baseball training.
High levels of _______ and effort are essential characteristics of deliberate practice.
High levels of _______ and effort are essential characteristics of deliberate practice.
What is the primary role of an instructor in discovery learning?
What is the primary role of an instructor in discovery learning?
What is the main benefit of overlearning?
What is the main benefit of overlearning?
An internal focus of attention enhances skill acquisition.
An internal focus of attention enhances skill acquisition.
What is an example of overlearning in practice?
What is an example of overlearning in practice?
Feedback fosters ________ and self-discovery.
Feedback fosters ________ and self-discovery.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Which form of practice allows for better adaptability to varied conditions?
Which form of practice allows for better adaptability to varied conditions?
Variation in repetition improves problem-solving and flexibility.
Variation in repetition improves problem-solving and flexibility.
What does an external focus of attention direct focus towards?
What does an external focus of attention direct focus towards?
A basketball player practices free throws with varying ball ________ to simulate different game conditions.
A basketball player practices free throws with varying ball ________ to simulate different game conditions.
What strategy involves limiting players on a field to enhance decision-making?
What strategy involves limiting players on a field to enhance decision-making?
Flashcards
Quiet Eye
Quiet Eye
The ability of experts to focus their attention on the target for 1-2 seconds before initiating a motor action. This allows them to make more accurate and effective movements.
Variable Practice
Variable Practice
Practice that involves varying the conditions of a skill, such as the speed, distance, or target of a movement. Helps performance generalization.
Constant Practice
Constant Practice
Practice that involves performing a skill repeatedly under the same conditions. Promotes consistency, but limited generalization.
Blocked Practice
Blocked Practice
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Random Practice
Random Practice
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Overlearning
Overlearning
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Modeling
Modeling
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Imagery
Imagery
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Schema Learning
Schema Learning
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GMP (Generalized Motor Program)
GMP (Generalized Motor Program)
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Transfer Test
Transfer Test
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Early Skill Acquisition
Early Skill Acquisition
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Interference
Interference
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Shea and Morgan Experiment
Shea and Morgan Experiment
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Retention Test
Retention Test
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Elaboration Hypothesis
Elaboration Hypothesis
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Forgetting Hypothesis
Forgetting Hypothesis
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Movement Adaptability
Movement Adaptability
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Mental Practice
Mental Practice
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Modelling (Observational Learning)
Modelling (Observational Learning)
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Imagery/Visualization
Imagery/Visualization
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Performance Goal
Performance Goal
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SMART Goal
SMART Goal
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Intention Toward Improvement and Mastery
Intention Toward Improvement and Mastery
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Effective Practice
Effective Practice
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Constraints-led Learning
Constraints-led Learning
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Mirror Neurons
Mirror Neurons
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Motor Resonance System
Motor Resonance System
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Imagery for Skill Acquisition
Imagery for Skill Acquisition
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Imagery for Performance Preparation
Imagery for Performance Preparation
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Imagery and Physical Practice
Imagery and Physical Practice
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Brain Activity During Imagery
Brain Activity During Imagery
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Strength Training Imagery
Strength Training Imagery
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Imagery in Stroke Rehabilitation
Imagery in Stroke Rehabilitation
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Practice with Goals
Practice with Goals
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Mastery Goals
Mastery Goals
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Visuomotor Neurons (Mirror Neurons)
Visuomotor Neurons (Mirror Neurons)
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Imagery (Mental Rehearsal)
Imagery (Mental Rehearsal)
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Imagery: Experts vs. Inexperienced
Imagery: Experts vs. Inexperienced
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Practice with Goals: Benefits
Practice with Goals: Benefits
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Effective Practice: Guiding Principles
Effective Practice: Guiding Principles
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Forgetting Hypothesis (Random Practice)
Forgetting Hypothesis (Random Practice)
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Elaboration Hypothesis (Random Practice)
Elaboration Hypothesis (Random Practice)
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Generalized Motor Program (GMP)
Generalized Motor Program (GMP)
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Invariant Features
Invariant Features
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Parameters
Parameters
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Observational Learning
Observational Learning
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Intention for Improvement
Intention for Improvement
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Intention Towards Improvement
Intention Towards Improvement
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Mental Practice in Rehabilitation
Mental Practice in Rehabilitation
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Mental Imagery
Mental Imagery
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Constraints-led Approach
Constraints-led Approach
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Discovery Learning
Discovery Learning
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Deliberate Practice
Deliberate Practice
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Constraints in Motor Learning
Constraints in Motor Learning
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Constraints-led Approach Example
Constraints-led Approach Example
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Constraints Examples
Constraints Examples
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Effective Practice: Constraints-led
Effective Practice: Constraints-led
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Constraints-led Approach: Benefits
Constraints-led Approach: Benefits
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Constraints-led Approach: Application
Constraints-led Approach: Application
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Constraints-led Learning: Key Concept
Constraints-led Learning: Key Concept
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Dropout in Deliberate Practice
Dropout in Deliberate Practice
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Effective Practice Characteristics
Effective Practice Characteristics
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Individual-based Practice
Individual-based Practice
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Effective Communication
Effective Communication
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Overlearning with Variation
Overlearning with Variation
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Motivation in Deliberate Practice
Motivation in Deliberate Practice
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Intention for Mastery
Intention for Mastery
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Purposeful Practice
Purposeful Practice
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Characteristics of Effective Practice
Characteristics of Effective Practice
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Motivation and Effort
Motivation and Effort
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Individualized Practice
Individualized Practice
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Learner Input in Practice
Learner Input in Practice
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Effective Communication in Practice
Effective Communication in Practice
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Implicit Learning
Implicit Learning
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Individual Constraints
Individual Constraints
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Environmental Constraints
Environmental Constraints
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Task Constraints
Task Constraints
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10,000-Hour Rule
10,000-Hour Rule
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Specific Intention to Improve
Specific Intention to Improve
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Strong Motivation and Effort
Strong Motivation and Effort
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Individual-Based Practice with Learner Input
Individual-Based Practice with Learner Input
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Internal Focus
Internal Focus
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External Focus
External Focus
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Study Notes
Motor Learning - PHYL 4518
- Course code: PHYL 4518
- Instructor: Zoe Chan, PhD
- Email: [email protected]
- Semester: F2024
- Week: 13
Experts vs. Novices
- Experts switch attention more frequently than novices.
- Experienced surgical nurses:
- Switch attention less frequently.
- Know when and where to place attention for effectiveness.
- Demonstrate a "quiet eye," fixating on the target for 1-2 seconds before the action.
- Show more prediction and anticipation of future actions.
- 14/29 correct responses on the expert/novice attention question.
- 15 (51.7%) responses indicated true and 14 (48.3%) responses indicated false.
Today's Learning Objectives
- Understand schema learning and when to use variable and constant practice.
- Understand the differences between blocked and random practice and the research benefits of random practice.
- Understand overlearning.
- Explain the role of modeling and imagery in learning, including the basic neurophysiology.
- Understand the difference between mastery goals and performance goals.
Goal of Practice
- Goal of practice: Perform at the highest possible level when performance counts.
- Conditions are usually variable.
- How to prepare for variable parameters?
Common Example - CPR
- Practiced in a sterile, stress-free environment.
- Performance conditions in real-world scenarios are different.
Generalized Motor Program (GMP)
- A skill represents a class of movements (e.g., throwing a football).
- Contains various parameters (e.g., distance, height, arm angles, targets).
- Contains fundamental and consistent characteristics (invariant features).
- Includes relative timing of muscle activation (set position, step, follow-through).
- Discrete movement patterns are governed by GMPs.
- Each parameter can be adjusted depending on the case (e.g., a football pass in different weather conditions).
Schema Learning
- For each parameter of a GMP, a relationship is created based on each practice trial.
- Builds the GMP.
- Football throw distance example: Schema determines the required force based on the throw distance, not by remembering every individual throw.
Variable and Constant Practice: Schema Learning
- Variable practice enhances schema learning.
- Constant practice: Repeat the same variant of the skill.
- Variable practice: Vary a parameter each time.
- Example: Throwing a football—constant practice would be at a distance of 7m, while variable practice would involve a range of distances between 5 and 11m.
Variable and Constant Practice: Early Skill Acquisition
- Constant practice outperforms variable practice in early skill acquisition.
- However, variable practice performs as well or better in novel situations.
- Constant practice: 5, 7, 9 or 11 mph
- Variable practice: 5, 7, 9 and 11 mph.
- Data from Catalano & Kleiner, 1984 show absolute error values for constant and variable practice groups at different transfer test velocities.
Block vs. Random Practice
-
In most settings, the goal is to learn several skills simultaneously. (e.g., physicians practicing suturing and knot tying; soccer players practicing shooting, passing, heading, receiving passes)
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Two approaches:
- Blocked practice: Practice all trials of one skill before switching to another (E.g., working on shooting, then passing, then heading).
- Random practice: Practice trials are interleaved (E.g., working on all 3 skills repeatedly).
Block vs. Random Practice: Shea and Morgan Experiment
- 3 tasks to be learned under blocked or random conditions.
- Retention tests were administered 10 minutes later and 10 days later.
- Results: Random practice produced better performance, especially when tested randomly.
- Acquisition and retention were tracked during the experiment. Data presented in a graph.
Block vs. Random Practice: Why?
- Elaboration hypothesis: Considering different skills in random practice creates meaningful connections and elaborations between the different trials, facilitating skill acquisition.
- Forgetting hypothesis: Forgetting solutions between skills in random practice strengthens skill learning by forcing the learner to re-learn and recall solutions frequently, leading to stronger connections in memory.
- Blocked practice: You remember how to perform the movement trial to trial.
- Random practice: You forget the solution between tasks and produce solutions, facilitating further learning.
Block vs. Random Practice: Testing the Forgetting Hypothesis
- 3 groups: Blocked, Random, Random + model.
- Random + Model: Model shows skill performance, enhancing the blocked group, eliminating the random practice's benefits.
- Data displayed in a graph showing absolute constant error over time (immediate and delayed retention).
Block vs. Random Practice: Research Since Shea and Morgan
- Random practice is generally shown to be better than blocked practice in various contexts, including badminton serves, baseball pitches, handwriting, and learning musical pieces (e.g., clarifying songs).
- Evidence from various studies supports the benefits of random practice over blocked practice.
Reading
- Relevant reading link provided (https://sirc.ca/blog/motor-learning-to-enhance-athlete-skill-development/).
Overlearning
- Overlearning: Continual practice beyond the point of peak performance to enhance resistance to forgetting, with a focus on the repetition of the process, not just the movement.
- More resistant to forgetting.
- Enhances movement adaptability and flexibility.
- Expert blacksmiths hit the same point. They use different movement patterns each time.
Mental Practice: Modeling and Imaging
- Regular mental practice is a common behavior in high-level performers.
- Techniques include imagery/visualization, observational learning (modeling), relaxation and stress control, positive self-talk, and attention control.
Modeling (Observational Learning)
- Instructor or model demonstrates the skill in person or on video, and the learner mimics the skill.
- Learner absorbs coordination, sequencing, and timing information.
- Constraints (including goals) influence the task.
- Learners focus on end points or distal effector actions; this provides the most information regarding the overall movement.
- Similar to external focus of attention.
Modeling: Neuroscience
- Some visuomotor neurons (mirror neurons) are active during observation and execution.
- Motor resonance system: Understand the action, intention, enable imitation, and understand the behavioral state of the model.
- Less active when observing non-human actors, impossible movements, or unfamiliar tasks.
Imagery
- Imagery: Mental or cognitive rehearsal of a skill, used for skill acquisition and preparation.
- Skill acquisition: Learners model the skill in their own minds repeatedly.
- Techniques include skill rehearsal, arousal modification.
- Imagery without physical practice is marginally successful. Combining both physical and mental practice is more beneficial.
Imagery: Neuroscience
- Different brain areas are active in experts and inexperienced individuals during imagery.
- Experts activate motor areas. Inexperienced individuals activate visual areas.
- fMRI data illustrate the different brain activations in experts and novices.
Imagery: Controversial Benefits
- Weeks of mental imagery of weight-lifting improves strength.
- Results may include better central commands, increased motor unit activation, and more efficient inter and intramuscular coordination.
- Some studies indicate improved finger abduction and elbow flexion after weeks of strength training imagery.
- Data comparing imagery and control groups with regards to weightlifting/strength training exists.
Imagery in Stroke Rehabilitation
- Stroke-affected individuals: Partial paralysis, often on one side.
- Active movement may be dangerous without supervision.
- Mental practice is a beneficial addition.
Intention Toward Improvement and Mastery
- Practice must have goals to overcome weaknesses, maximize strengths, or change techniques based on individual learner characteristics.
- Mastery goals: Enhance skill and comparisons are made to oneself.
- Performance goals: Win or be better than someone else.
- SMART goals (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-Bound).
Goal Setting
- Specific goals are superior to "do your best" goals for acquisition and retention.
- Experimenters set more realistic goals, thus avoiding motivation decline. Goal-setting data (graph) is presented for 'do your best', experimenter set and participant set goals.
Intention Toward Improvement and Mastery
- Successful coaches plan and organize practice with precisely defined goals and objectives (individual and team).
- Effective practices are short, intense, and organized.
Reminders
- Quiz #6 is available after class and due on December 9th at 11:59 PM.
- Complete all lecture contents by Wednesday.
- Topics covered include discovery learning, constraints-led learning, and deliberate practice.
In-class Review Quizzes
- Links for in-class review quizzes per topic/week are provided in table format.
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