Motor Learning and Control Chapter 16
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Questions and Answers

What does the practice specificity hypothesis suggest influences motor skill learning?

  • Genetic predispositions of the individual
  • Physical strength and endurance
  • Psychological barriers to performance
  • Practice condition characteristics (correct)

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics associated with motor skill learning and performance according to the practice specificity hypothesis?

  • Performance context characteristics
  • Sensory/perceptual characteristics
  • Cognitive processing characteristics
  • Emotional impact characteristics (correct)

What are especial skills defined as in the context of practice specificity?

  • Skills with no obvious variations
  • Skills performed worse than average
  • Skill variations performed markedly better than similar ones (correct)
  • Skills that require minimal practice

Which theory can be traced as an origin of the practice specificity hypothesis?

<p>Thorndike’s identical elements theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can especial skills not be fully explained by the practice variability or practice specificity hypotheses?

<p>They encompass variations outside typical practice conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice type involves practicing the same skill consistently over time?

<p>Blocked practice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of blocked practice in the context provided?

<p>30 minutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'contextual interference' refer to in practice conditions?

<p>The disruption in memory and performance when variations are practiced (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice type is characterized by varying skills in a random order?

<p>Random practice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is each session of serial practice based on the presented data?

<p>5 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of practice conditions, what does blocked practice primarily emphasize?

<p>Consistent skill repetition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential outcome of high contextual interference?

<p>Enhanced learning of skill variations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice type is least likely to facilitate memory retention through varied skill applications?

<p>Blocked practice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential benefit of performance errors during practice?

<p>They enhance positive transfer from practice to test contexts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should non-regulatory conditions be varied for closed skills?

<p>They should vary while keeping regulatory conditions the same. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which skill exemplifies a closed skill with inter-trial variability?

<p>A golf shot using a 7-iron with varied conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle can guide the organization of variable practice?

<p>The contextual interference effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When assessing the characteristics of future situations for skill performance, one must consider which of the following?

<p>Both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do varying practice conditions affect skill learning according to research?

<p>They enhance the learner's capability to adapt to new challenges. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Gentile’s taxonomy help identify when assessing skills?

<p>Identifiable characteristics of practice contexts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a basketball free throw, which aspect should not be varied?

<p>The regulatory conditions during practice. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high contextual interference have on learning task variations?

<p>It results in better learning of task variations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the first researchers to report evidence of the contextual interference effect in motor skill learning?

<p>Shea and Morgan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of a blocked practice schedule on learners' judgments about their learning?

<p>It causes overestimation of learning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area did Goode and Magill conduct their research related to contextual interference?

<p>Badminton serves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the effect of practice performance on a learner's judgment about their learning?

<p>Metacognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the research by Simon and Bjork, which practice schedule leads to misjudgment of learning?

<p>Blocked practice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'absolute constant error' refer to in the context of the 24-hr retention test?

<p>The performance error on the retention test. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors were examined in the research by Hall, Domingues, and Cavazos regarding contextual interference?

<p>Different types of hitting in baseball (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is most likely to limit the contextual interference effect in motor skill learning?

<p>Learner’s age and skill level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis suggests that a higher level of contextual interference leads to better memory representation due to action plan reconstruction?

<p>Action plan reconstruction hypothesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would lower levels of contextual interference be optimal?

<p>For simple, well-learned tasks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Challenge Point Hypothesis, when should practice schedule modifications be made?

<p>Based on retention or transfer test performances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of higher levels of contextual interference during practice?

<p>Greater attention demands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding motor skill variations is true in the context of the CI effect?

<p>It is influenced by the motor skill's complexity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception might individuals who practice with a blocked schedule have regarding their learning?

<p>They will overestimate their learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions would be most suitable for highly skilled individuals according to the Challenge Point Hypothesis?

<p>High contextual interference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does practice variability primarily emphasize in skill learning?

<p>Learning to perform a skill in varied contexts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does variable practice compare to constant practice in terms of effectiveness?

<p>Variable practice leads to better learning than less variable practice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the practice specificity hypothesis?

<p>Skills are best learned when practiced in the exact conditions for performance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the contextual interference effect primarily relate to?

<p>Organizing variable practice effectively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is contextual interference considered beneficial for motor skill learning?

<p>It promotes more effective retention and transfer of skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do especial skills challenge the practice variability hypothesis?

<p>They may not adapt well to varied practice conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes constant practice?

<p>Involves one specific variation of a skill (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of implementing practice variability?

<p>To prepare learners for unexpected skill application situations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Practice Variability

The variety of movement and context experienced during practice, aiming for skill adaptability in different situations.

Constant Practice

Practicing the same skill variation repeatedly.

Variable Practice

Practicing various variations of the skill, including different movements and contexts.

Contextual Interference Effect

Performance during practice is worse with variable practice, but long-term learning is better compared to constant practice.

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Benefits of Contextual Interference

Variable practice forces the learner to actively retrieve and recall the skill, enhancing memory and skill retention.

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Practice Specificity Hypothesis

Practice conditions should closely match the actual performance environment for optimal learning.

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Practice Variability Hypothesis

Practicing variations of a skill improves performance in different situations.

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Especial Skills

Skills requiring precise movements and specific environmental conditions, challenging the practice variability and specificity hypotheses.

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Performance Error Benefit in Practice

Errors during practice actually aid learning by exposing learners to different scenarios and promoting adaptability.

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Gentile's Taxonomy

A framework for categorizing motor skills based on the stability of the environment and the nature of the skill.

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Closed Skill

A skill performed in a stable, predictable environment with minimal variation.

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Closed Skill with Inter-Trial Variability

A closed skill with variations introduced between each attempt, like changing the distance or target in a golf shot.

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Open Skill

A skill performed in an unpredictable, ever-changing environment.

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Regulatory Condition

Environmental factors that directly influence how a skill is performed. These conditions must be adapted to.

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Non-Regulatory Condition

Environmental factors that don't directly affect skill performance but can still influence it. These conditions can be varied to create practice variability

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Contextual Interference (CI) Effect

This effect states that greater variability in practice sessions leads to better learning of diverse skills.

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Shea and Morgan Experiment

The first experiment to demonstrate contextual interference, showing that varied practice led to better skill learning.

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Non-Laboratory Experiments

Research into the CI effect has been conducted in real-world settings, such as badminton and baseball.

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Goode and Magill Experiment

This experiment showed that beginners learning badminton serves benefited from varied practice.

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Hall, Domingues, and Cavazos Experiment

This study showed that skilled baseball players improved hitting different pitches with varied practice.

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Metacognition in Learning

This is the conscious awareness of one's own learning process.

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Overestimation of Learning

When learners are exposed to blocked practice (repetitive), they may overestimate how much they have actually learned.

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Simon and Bjork Experiment

This experiment demonstrated how blocked practice can lead learners to overestimate their learning.

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Sensory/Perceptual Characteristics

The way a skill is perceived and experienced during practice, like visual cues or feedback, should be similar to the real performance.

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Performance Context Characteristics

The environment in which the skill is practiced should be as close as possible to the actual performance environment.

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Cognitive Processing Characteristics

The mental processes involved in performing the skill should be similar in practice and performance.

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Contextual Interference (CI)

The disruption to your memory and performance when practicing different variations of a skill within the same practice session. It occurs when the practice schedule has multiple variations of a skill intermixed.

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Blocked Practice

A type of practice where you repeatedly practice the same skill for a set amount of time before moving on to the next skill. For example, practicing all overhand throws for 30 minutes, then switching to all sidearm throws for 30 minutes.

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Random Practice

A practice method where you mix up the order of different skills you are learning. This means that you won't practice one skill for long before moving on to another.

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Serial Practice

A practice method where you practice one specific skill for a set amount of time before moving on to the next skill in a set order. This order is repeated for a set number of trials.

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How does CI affect learning?

Higher CI (more mixed up practice) leads to slower learning during practice. But it results in better long-term retention and performance on a test.

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Why is CI good for long-term learning?

More mixed up practice forces your brain to work harder to retrieve and encode the information correctly. This leads to stronger and more lasting memories.

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Can you give an example of how to use CI in a sports setting?

To improve free throws in basketball, a player could mix up their practice routine by throwing from various spots on the court, using different shot types, and at varying distances. The player would then gradually learn to adjust to the changing demands of each shot.

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What is the best practice type to use?

It depends on your goals. If you need to learn a skill quickly for a short-term event, blocked practice might be more effective. But if you want to learn a skill for long-term use, or improve overall performance, random practice is generally the most effective.

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CI Effect Limits

The Contextual Interference (CI) effect doesn't apply to all motor skills. Factors like the skill's complexity and the learner's characteristics can limit its effectiveness.

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Skill Variation and CI

The CI effect is more likely to occur when practicing variations of a skill that require different motor programs. This means they engage different muscle groups and movement patterns.

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Learner Characteristics and CI

Age and skill level influence the effectiveness of CI. Novices and young learners may benefit more from less varied practice, while skilled individuals may thrive on higher levels.

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Challenge Point Hypothesis

This theory proposes that the ideal amount of CI depends on the skill's difficulty and the learner's experience. More challenging skills or novice learners benefit from less CI, while easier skills or skilled individuals benefit from more.

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High CI for Skilled Individuals

For those already proficient, high CI practice (varied and challenging) is beneficial because it forces them to constantly adapt and refine their skills.

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Elaboration Hypothesis

One explanation for the CI effect is that variable practice creates a more elaborate and detailed memory representation for the skill, aiding in retrieval.

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Action Plan Reconstruction Hypothesis

Another explanation for the CI effect is that forgetting and reconstructing action plans during high CI practice strengthens memory for the skill.

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CI and Error Frequency

High CI practice typically leads to more errors during practice because the learner is constantly challenged to adapt to new situations. This is a sign that learning is taking place.

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Study Notes

Motor Learning and Control: Chapter 16

  • Practice variability refers to the variety of movement and contextual characteristics encountered during practice of a skill. It emphasizes the learner's increased ability to perform the skill not just in the practiced context but also in novel situations.

Learning Objectives

  • Understanding practice variability and its relationship to motor skill learning theories.
  • Methods for implementing practice variability in learning or relearning contexts.
  • How contextual interference pertains to organizing variable practice.
  • Identifying reasons why contextual interference benefits motor skill learning, considering novice and expert learners.
  • Differentiating between practice specificity and practice variability hypotheses.
  • The impact of special skills on practice specificity and variability.

Practice Variability

  • Constant practice: involves only one variation of a skill.
  • Variable practice: involves multiple variations of a skill.
  • Research highlights that more variable practice yields better learning outcomes than less variable practice.

Contextual Interference (CI)

  • Contextual interference (CI) is the disruption of memory and performance when performing variations of a skill during practice.
  • Higher amounts of CI can lead to better skill learning than lower amounts.
  • Different practice schedules (blocked vs. random) impact contextual interference.
  • Blocked practice: involves performing one skill variation repeatedly.
  • Random practice: involves mixing different skill variations.

Research Evidence

  • The first evidence came from Shea and Morgan (1979).
  • Non-laboratory experiments show beginners learning multiple skill variations, including Goode and Magill's (1986) badminton serves.
  • Skilled performers refine multiple skill variations, like Hall, Domingues, and Cavazos' (1994) baseball players hitting different pitch types.

Limits of the CI Effect

  • Not all motor skill learning situations benefit equally from contextual interference.
  • Motor skill characteristics and learner characteristics (like age and skill level) are relevant limitations.

Challenge Point Hypothesis

  • Proposed by Guadagnoli and Lee (2004).
  • Different practice conditions optimally challenge persons and enhance skill learning.
  • Lower levels of CI are best for more difficult skills and novices.
  • Higher levels of CI are more effective for skills with lower levels of difficulty and skilled individuals.
  • Practicioners should use retention or transfer tests to adjust practice schedules, not just practice session outcomes.

Why Does CI Effect Occur?

  • Elaboration hypothesis: increased skill memory representation.
  • Action plan reconstruction hypothesis: higher CI leads to stronger memory consolidation due to forgetting and subsequent action plan reconstruction.
  • Higher CI increases practice demands.
  • Blocked practice often leads to learners overestimating their learning during practice.

Practice Specificity

  • Practice specificity emphasizes that skill learning depends on practice characteristics, stemming from Thorndike's identical elements theory and links with Henry's motor ability specificity hypothesis.
  • Concerns sensory/perceptual, performance context, and cognitive characteristics related to skills.

Special Skills

  • Skills performed exceptionally better than similar skills.
  • These skills aren't fully explained by practice specificity or variability hypotheses.

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Motor Learning and Control Chapter 16 PDF

Description

This quiz explores the concept of practice variability in motor learning and its significance in skill acquisition. It covers various methods of implementing practice variability and the effects of contextual interference on learners at different levels. Additionally, it distinguishes between practice specificity and variability hypotheses.

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