Podcast
Questions and Answers
What term describes the direction of growth from head to toe?
What term describes the direction of growth from head to toe?
- Proximal-distal
- Cephalo-caudal (correct)
- Lateral growth
- Vertical progression
Which stage comes first in the development of locomotion?
Which stage comes first in the development of locomotion?
- Creeping
- Crawling (correct)
- Walking
- Running
Which of the following is not a category of reflexes?
Which of the following is not a category of reflexes?
- Locomotor
- Acquired (correct)
- Primitive
- Postural
What is the fate of infant reflexes?
What is the fate of infant reflexes?
What process involves the covering of neural pathways in the brain?
What process involves the covering of neural pathways in the brain?
Which of the following describes ontogenetic skills?
Which of the following describes ontogenetic skills?
Which stage comes first in the sequence of the development of prehension?
Which stage comes first in the sequence of the development of prehension?
What general age range marks the peak performance for skills requiring fast reflexes?
What general age range marks the peak performance for skills requiring fast reflexes?
Which factor does NOT influence motor performance?
Which factor does NOT influence motor performance?
Creeping comes before crawling in the sequence of motor development.
Creeping comes before crawling in the sequence of motor development.
What is the term for skills related to abilities that need to be acquired through learning?
What is the term for skills related to abilities that need to be acquired through learning?
The developmental sequence from midline to periphery is called __________.
The developmental sequence from midline to periphery is called __________.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Which of the following is NOT a category of reflexes?
Which of the following is NOT a category of reflexes?
What is the significance of reflexes in infants?
What is the significance of reflexes in infants?
The average adult loses 10-20% of physical functioning between the ages of 30-70.
The average adult loses 10-20% of physical functioning between the ages of 30-70.
The process of moving immature neurons to different sites in the brain is called __________.
The process of moving immature neurons to different sites in the brain is called __________.
At what age does peak performance for skills requiring strength typically occur?
At what age does peak performance for skills requiring strength typically occur?
Which of the following is not a major factor influencing motor performance?
Which of the following is not a major factor influencing motor performance?
Creeping involves dragging the body on the ground.
Creeping involves dragging the body on the ground.
What is the term used for the skills or behaviors intrinsically related to humans?
What is the term used for the skills or behaviors intrinsically related to humans?
The process of ___________________ involves generating immature neurons.
The process of ___________________ involves generating immature neurons.
Match the following reflex categories with their descriptions:
Match the following reflex categories with their descriptions:
What is the correct order of the first three stages in the development of locomotion?
What is the correct order of the first three stages in the development of locomotion?
Reflexes are permanently retained throughout a person's life.
Reflexes are permanently retained throughout a person's life.
What percentage of physical functioning does the average adult lose between the ages of 30-70?
What percentage of physical functioning does the average adult lose between the ages of 30-70?
The upper age limit for peak performance in skills requiring strength is typically in the __________.
The upper age limit for peak performance in skills requiring strength is typically in the __________.
Which developmental stage of prehension involves the use of the thumb in grasping?
Which developmental stage of prehension involves the use of the thumb in grasping?
What is one of the major factors that positively influences motor performance and is considered an experiential aspect?
What is one of the major factors that positively influences motor performance and is considered an experiential aspect?
Which developmental sequence describes the change in the direction of growth from the head to the toes?
Which developmental sequence describes the change in the direction of growth from the head to the toes?
What is the definition of ontogenetic skills?
What is the definition of ontogenetic skills?
What term describes the change in neural interaction during brain development after cells move to different sites?
What term describes the change in neural interaction during brain development after cells move to different sites?
Which of the following categories of reflexes primarily assists in maintaining posture?
Which of the following categories of reflexes primarily assists in maintaining posture?
What is the correct order in the sequence of locomotion that reflects the developmental stages from initial to advanced motor skills?
What is the correct order in the sequence of locomotion that reflects the developmental stages from initial to advanced motor skills?
What is a spontaneous movement in the context of motor development?
What is a spontaneous movement in the context of motor development?
What aspect of infant reflexes signifies their importance for survival?
What aspect of infant reflexes signifies their importance for survival?
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Study Notes
Motor Development
- Study of change in growth, development, and motor performance across the lifespan.
- Similarities between babies and older adults are present.
Factors Influencing Motor Performance
- Heredity
- Maturation
- Development
- Experience
- Growth
Brain and CNS Development
- Cell proliferation: Generation of immature neurons.
- Migration: Movement of neurons to different sites in the brain.
- Integration: Interaction and communication between neural groups.
- Differentiation: Progression of neural control.
- Myelination: Covering of neural pathways with myelin, improving signal transmission.
- Cell necrosis: Death of neurons.
Growth and Control Development
- Cephalo-caudal: Direction of growth from head to toe.
- Proximal-distal: Directional growth from midline to periphery.
Types of Skills Development
- Phylogenetic: Skills or behaviors naturally acquired due to evolutionary history.
- Example: Crawling.
- Ontogenetic: Skills or behaviors that must be explicitly learned, dependent on the individual.
- Example: Dancing.
Reflexes
- Definition: Involuntary response to a stimulus.
- Fate: Suppressed as infants mature.
- Importance:
- Diagnostic tool for assessing neurological development.
- Survival mechanisms in infancy.
- Categories:
- Primitive: Primarily present in infants, like grasping, rooting, and sucking.
- Postural: Help with balance and orientation, like the Moro reflex.
- Locomotor: Promote movement patterns like walking, like the stepping reflex.
Spontaneous Movements
- Movements that occur without an external trigger, often rhythmical and repetitive.
Creeping vs. Crawling
- Creeping: Movement on all fours, using limbs for forward propulsion.
- Crawling: Body drag, pulling with arms and propelling with legs.
- Creeping develops before crawling.
Prehension (Manual Control)
- Sequential stages of development:
- Palmar Grasp: Using the whole hand to grasp objects.
- Pseudo Opposition: Using the thumb and other fingers to grasp, but without accurate thumb opposition.
- Thumb Opposition: Precise use of the thumb in grasping objects, with greater control.
- Mastery: Highly skillful and coordinated hand movements.
Locomotion Development
- Sequential stages:
- Crawling
- Creeping
- Walking
- Running
- Leaping
- Jumping
- Hopping
- Galloping
- Sliding
Peak Performance
- Fast-reflex skills: Peak performance typically around 20s.
- Strength-based skills: Peak performance usually around 40s.
Adult Physical Functioning
- Average adults lose around 10% of physical functioning between ages 30 and 70.
Motor Development
- Study of motor performance changes throughout life.
- Compares development between infants and older adults.
Factors Influencing Motor Performance
- Heredity
- Maturation
- Development
- Experience
- Growth
Brain and CNS Development
- Cell Proliferation: Generation of immature neurons
- Migration: Movement of neurons to different areas of the brain.
- Integration: Interaction between neural groups
- Differentiation: Progression of control of neural pathways.
- Myelination: The covering of neural pathways by myelin.
- Cell Necrosis: Death of cells
Growth and Control Sequences
- Cephalo-caudal: Growth from head to toe
- Proximal-distal: Growth from the midline to the periphery.
Phylogenetic Skills
- Skills naturally acquired, linked to human species.
- Example: Crawling
Ontogenetic Skills
- Skills that must be learned, depend on the individual.
- Example: Dancing
Reflexes
- Involuntary response to a stimulus.
- Suppressed in infants as one ages.
- Important for diagnosis and survival.
Reflex Categories
- Primitive reflexes
- Postural reflexes
- Locomotor reflexes
Spontaneous Movements
- Unintentional movements made by infants.
Creeping vs. Crawling
- Crawling: Body drag movement.
- Creeping: All fours movement.
- Creeping is developed before crawling.
Prehension Stages
- Palmer grasp: Using the whole hand to grasp.
- Pseudo opposition: Partially using the thumb to grasp.
- Thumb opposition: using the thumb to grasp.
- Mastery: Advanced manipulation skills and control.
Locomotion Development Sequence
- Crawling
- Creeping
- Walking
- Running
- Leaping
- Jumping
- Hopping
- Galloping
- Sliding
Peak Performance for Skills
- Fast reflexes: Peak performance around 20s.
- Strength: Peak performance around 40s.
Adult Physical Functioning Loss
- Average adult loses 25% of physical functioning from age 30 to age 70.
Motor Development
- The study of change in growth, development, and motor performance across the lifespan,
- Similarities between babies and older adults are apparent.
Factors Influencing Motor Performance
- Heredity
- Maturation
- Development
- Experience
- Growth
Brain and Central Nervous System Development
- Cell proliferation: Generating immature neurons
- Migration: Immature neurons move to different sites in the brain
- Integration: Interaction of neural groups
- Differentiation: Progression of control
- Myelination: Covering of neural pathways
- Cell necrosis: Death
Development Growth and Control
- Cephalo-caudal: Direction of growth from head to toe
- Proximal-distal: Directional growth from midline to periphery
Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Skills
- Phylogenetic: Skills or behaviors that are related to the species of man, or naturally acquired.
- Ontogenetic: Skills or behaviors that must be learned and depend on the individual.
Reflexes
- Definition: Involuntary response to a stimulus.
- Fate of Reflexes: Reflexes are suppressed.
- Why Reflexes are Important:
- Used as a diagnostic tool.
- Survival
- Categories:
- Primitive
- Postural
- Locomotor
Spontaneous Movement
- Definition: Movement that is not initiated by an external stimuli.
Creeping vs Crawling
- Creeping: Body drag
- Crawling: Movement on all fours
- Creeping comes first
Stages of Prehension
- Palmer grasp: Using the whole hand
- Pseudo opposition: Using thumb and finger
- Thumb opposition: Using only the thumb and forefinger
- Mastery: Full control over movements
Development of Locomotion
- Crawling
- Creeping
- Walking
- Running
- Leaping
- Jumping
- Hopping
- Galloping
- Sliding
Peak Performance
- Fast reflexes: Peak performance is in the 20s
- Strength: Peak performance is in the 40s
Age-Related Decline in Physical Functioning
- Average adult loses 1% of physical functioning per year between ages 30-70.
Motor Development
- Studies changes in growth, development, and motor performance across the lifespan.
- Examines similarities between babies and older adults.
Factors Influencing Motor Performance
- Heredity
- Maturation
- Development
- Experience
- Growth
Brain & CNS Development Sequence
- Cell Proliferation: Generating immature neurons
- Migration: Moving to different sites in the brain
- Integration: Interaction of neural groups
- Differentiation: Progression of control
- Myelination: Covering of neural pathways
- Cell Necrosis: Death
Developmental Sequences of Growth & Control
- Cephalo-caudal: Growth from head to toe
- Proximal-distal: Growth from midline to periphery
Phylogenetic & Ontogenetic Skills
- Phylogenetic: Naturally acquired skills related to the human species, e.g., crawling.
- Ontogenetic: Skills learned individually, e.g., dancing.
Reflexes
- Involuntary response to a stimulus
- Suppressed in infants
- Essential for diagnostics and survival
Reflex Categories
- Primitive
- Postural
- Locomotor
Spontaneous Movement
- Movements that occur naturally, without a specific purpose.
Creeping vs. Crawling
- Crawling: Body drag
- Creeping: All fours
- Creeping comes first
Stages of Prehension (Manual Control)
- Palmer grasp: Using whole hand
- Pseudo opposition: Using thumb and fingers without complete opposition
- Thumb opposition: Using thumb and fingers with full opposition
- Mastery: Refined control and dexterity
Sequence of Locomotion
- Crawling
- Creeping
- Walking
- Running
- Leaping
- Jumping
- Hopping
- Galloping
- Sliding
Peak Performance Ages
- Fast reflexes: 20s
- Strength: 40s
Adult Physical Functioning Decline
- Average adults lose a significant percentage of physical functioning between ages 30 and 70.
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