Brain Development Processes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What defines experience-expectant processes in brain development?

  • Processes that are exclusively cultural and learned.
  • Development based on unique individual experiences.
  • Development reliant on environmental stimulation occurring during critical periods. (correct)
  • Functions that occur regardless of environmental stimuli.

    • How does experience-dependent process differ from experience-expectant process?

  • Experience-dependent processes require a critical period for development.
  • They are related to individual experiences rather than common occurrences. (correct)
  • They occur without the need for environmental interaction.
  • They rely solely on genetic predisposition.

    • Which of the following activities is classified as a fine motor skill?

  • Running
  • Using a pencil (correct)
  • Walking
  • Jumping

    • What did early cross-cultural studies reveal about the motor milestones of African children?

    <p>They reached motor milestones earlier than U.S. infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an experience-expectant process?

    <p>Language acquisition in early childhood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about gross and fine motor skills is correct?

    <p>Gross motor skills rely on the coordination of large muscle groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor has been questioned in recent research regarding motor skill development across cultures?

    <p>The timing of reaching motor milestones across different cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might influence muscle development in infants from different cultures according to the described studies?

    <p>The method of infant carrying and encouraging movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first phase of attachment according to the four-phase sequence?

    <p>Pre-attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is separation anxiety primarily associated with?

    <p>Discomfort in the absence of a caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attachment style is characterized by distress at separation and joy upon reunion?

    <p>Secure Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Harlow's research with infant monkeys suggest about attachment?

    <p>Attachment is an inborn need for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attachment style was added more recently and is characterized by confusion and inconsistency?

    <p>Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one predictor of secure attachment?

    <p>Maternal sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is synchrony best described?

    <p>A harmonious back-and-forth exchange in interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the socioemotional outcomes associated with secure attachment?

    <p>Improved emotional health and social competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines social referencing?

    <p>Seeking emotional support from caregivers when faced with new situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do babies typically begin to show the social smile?

    <p>2 to 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Erikson emphasize as the primary factor in personality development?

    <p>Social relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the addition of disorganized/disoriented attachment significant?

    <p>It is linked to various emotional and social disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of mothers of securely attached children?

    <p>High sociability and extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Erikson's theory focuses on the development of trust?

    <p>Trust vs. Mistrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of Freud's psychosexual stage fixation?

    <p>Substance abuse issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attachment style is primarily characterized by minimal distress during separation?

    <p>Insecure–Avoidant Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Freud and Erikson's views on childhood differ?

    <p>Only Erikson believes in lifelong development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the temperament categories from the New York Longitudinal Study help to identify?

    <p>Behavioral traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'goodness of fit' refer to in temperament?

    <p>The compatibility between a child's temperament and their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is 'separation anxiety' different from 'stranger anxiety'?

    <p>Stranger anxiety develops before separation anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Harlow's research on monkeys demonstrated the significance of which factor in attachment?

    <p>Comfort and security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperament is characterized by children who are adaptable and cheerful?

    <p>Easy Temperament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Freud believe can result from improper stimulation during the oral stage?

    <p>Addictive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage in Erikson's theory focuses on developing self-control?

    <p>Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is associated with children having a Difficult Temperament?

    <p>Resistance to change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does temperament have on children?

    <p>Affects emotional regulation and social interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychosexual stage is associated with toilet training in Freud's theory?

    <p>Anal Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do secondary emotions, such as pride, signify in infants?

    <p>The development of self-awareness and understanding social rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does social referencing contribute to social development in infants?

    <p>It enables infants to read emotional cues from caregivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes experience-expectant processes from experience-dependent processes?

    <p>Experience-expectant processes are universal and require specific environmental stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key milestone in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

    <p>Object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motor skill involves using larger muscle groups?

    <p>Balancing on one leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical relationship between receptive and expressive language development in infants?

    <p>Receptive language typically develops before expressive language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does crossing cultural studies on motor development emphasize?

    <p>There are variations in timing for motor milestones due to cultural practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the A-not-B error demonstrate in child cognitive development?

    <p>Developing understanding of object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of a fine motor skill?

    <p>Using scissors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does exposure to language during critical periods play in child development?

    <p>It is essential for proper language development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotional development is typically observed towards the end of a toddler’s second year?

    <p>Understanding abstract emotions like disappointment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of experience-dependent processes in brain development?

    <p>They are based on unique individual experiences and occur at any age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect of gross motor skills development?

    <p>Development of balance and posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some negative outcomes linked to insecure attachment in later life?

    <p>Behavioral problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically begin to show social smiles?

    <p>2-3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following emotions begin to develop between 9-20 months?

    <p>Pride and guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social referencing in infants?

    <p>Looking to caregivers for emotional cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do secondary emotions indicate about a child's development?

    <p>Cognitive understanding and social awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Piaget's sensorimotor stage in cognitive development?

    <p>Development of symbolic thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes object permanence?

    <p>Understanding that objects exist even when not visible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the A-not-B error in infants?

    <p>Searching for an object where it was last seen, rather than where it is currently hidden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In language development, what does expressive language refer to?

    <p>Production of language and speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the interactionist approach, language development heavily relies on which factor?

    <p>Social interactions and communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical visual acuity range for newborns?

    <p>20/120 to 20/240</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a known milestone in hearing development for infants between 7-12 months?

    <p>Recognition of their own name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the western medical model differ from evolutionary practices regarding infant feeding?

    <p>Advocates scheduled feeding instead of on-demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence can arise from ignoring an infant's crying according to the western model?

    <p>Negative effects on emotional development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suggested benefit of co-sleeping from an evolutionary perspective?

    <p>Promotes bonding and easy access to infant care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of the language acquisition device (LAD) explain language learning?

    <p>It indicates an innate ability to learn grammar and language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does receptive language encompass in infants?

    <p>Comprehension of language they cannot yet produce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding infant vision, when do they fully develop color perception?

    <p>4 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of feeding aligns with the evolutionary view of parenting?

    <p>Breastfeeding on demand to meet nutritional needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between Freud's and Erikson's theories of development?

    <p>Freud centered on childhood experiences, whereas Erikson included the entire lifespan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperament type is characterized by children who adapt well to new experiences?

    <p>Easy temperament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of goodness of fit refer to in child development?

    <p>The compatibility between a child's temperament and their caregiving environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is crucial for children with a slow-to-warm-up temperament?

    <p>Gradual exposure with gentle encouragement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four phases of attachment as identified by Bowlby?

    <p>Pre-attachment, Beginning of attachment, Clear attachment, Goal-directed attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes secure attachment in infants according to the Strange Situation methodology?

    <p>Distress during separation and joy upon reunion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperament requires consistent and predictable caregiving for emotional security?

    <p>Difficult temperament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered significant for promoting secure attachment?

    <p>Improved marital satisfaction between parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of temperament, what does Effortful Control refer to?

    <p>The ability to manage emotional responses effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential outcomes for children with secure attachments?

    <p>Better emotional health and stronger parent-child relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might children with insecure-resistant attachment display during separations and reunions?

    <p>Extreme distress during separation and ambivalence upon reunion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of attachment do infants start to develop a sense of trust towards their caregivers?

    <p>Clear attachment (6 to 8 months)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavioral pattern may indicate disorganized/disoriented attachment in infants?

    <p>Confused and erratic responses during separations and reunions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) suggest about children's ability to learn language?

    <p>Children are biologically predisposed to learn language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically develop full color perception?

    <p>Four months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of the interactionist approach to language development?

    <p>It combines both nature and nurture in language acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breastfeeding for infants?

    <p>Promotes early weaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does immediate response to crying relate to evolutionary perspectives?

    <p>It ensures infant survival by addressing needs promptly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud, which of the following stages is linked to the concept of the id?

    <p>Oral stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development focuses on which of the following conflicts?

    <p>Trust vs. Mistrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Western medical model of parenting differ from evolutionary practices regarding feeding?

    <p>It typically advocates for scheduled feeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants begin to localize sounds and respond to changes in tone?

    <p>Four to six months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological consequence could arise from neglecting an infant's cries?

    <p>Attachment issues and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Freud's approach to personality development?

    <p>Stresses the influence of unconscious conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What natural biological need is often overlooked by modern practices regarding infant care?

    <p>Immediate response to needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Experience in Brain Development

    • Experience-expectant processes: Brain functions developing based on common human experiences (e.g., language acquisition).
    • Experience-expectant processes require environmental stimulation at specific developmental stages.
    • An example is developing the neural pathways for language, which requires exposure to language during early childhood.
    • Experience-dependent processes: Brain functions developing based on unique individual experiences (e.g., learning to dance).
    • These processes are less tied to critical periods.
    • This type of learning can occur throughout a lifetime, showing the brain's flexibility.

    Motor Skill Development

    • Gross motor skills: Use of large muscles (e.g., walking, running).
    • Fine motor skills: Use of small muscles (e.g., writing, buttoning).
    • Cross-cultural studies: Early motor milestones (e.g., sitting, walking) vary across cultures.
    • Early research suggested earlier milestones in some cultures (e.g., African infants).
    • Recent studies question these findings, emphasizing similar development patterns across cultures.
    • Posture is a foundational skill for gross motor development.

    Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

    • Piaget's sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years): Infants progress from reflex-driven to symbolic thinkers.
    • Object permanence: The understanding that objects exist even when out of sight.
    • Object permanence is essential for understanding the world beyond immediate perception.
    • A-not-B error: Infants search for a hidden object where it was previously found, instead of where it was last seen.
    • This error demonstrates the development of object permanence is ongoing in the sensorimotor stage.

    Language Development

    • Receptive language: Understanding language.
    • Expressive language: Producing language (speaking).
    • Receptive language usually precedes expressive language in infants.
    • Language Acquisition Device (LAD): A theoretical concept suggesting an innate ability to learn language.
    • Interactionist approach: Language development is influenced by social interactions and communication.

    Sensory Development

    • Vision in newborns: Limited acuity (20/120-20/240), shorter focal length (18-30 cm).
    • Visual acuity and focal length improve by 2 months.
    • Full color perception develops by about 4 months.
    • Hearing milestones: Infants respond to sounds from birth.
    • Infants begin distinguishing tones and localizing sounds.
    • Infants pay more attention to complex sounds and languages by 7 to 12 months.

    Evolutionary Context and Modern Practices

    • Feeding: Breastfeeding on demand supports emotional bonding and nutrition.
    • Western model: Scheduled feeding and formula feeding may lead to attachment issues.
    • Crying: Early response to crying is crucial for infant survival.
    • Western model: Techniques like "controlled crying" may neglect emotional needs.
    • Sleeping: Co-sleeping facilitates easy care and bonding.
    • Western model: Separate cribs may increase infant anxiety.

    Developmental Theories: Freud vs. Erikson

    • Freud: Psychodynamic perspective emphasizing unconscious conflicts and psychosexual development (e.g., oral, anal stages).
    • Erikson: Psychosocial perspective emphasizing social relationships and cultural context in personality development.
    • Similarities: Both focus on early experiences shaping later development and use stages.
    • Differences: Freud's focus is on biological drives versus Erikson's emphasis on social interactions.

    Temperament and Goodness of Fit

    • Temperament: Biologically based differences in emotional and behavioral responses.
    • Three temperament patterns (NYLS): Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up.
    • Goodness of fit: The match between a child's temperament and the environment.
    • Matching environments to a child's temperament helps children thrive.

    Attachment Theory

    • Attachment theory: Early caregiver–infant relationships shape development.
    • Harlow's research: Monkeys preferred comfort over food, illustrating attachment's importance.
    • Separation anxiety: Distress when the primary caregiver is absent.
    • Stranger anxiety: Distress in the presence of unfamiliar people.
    • Strange Situation: A structured method for measuring attachment styles.

    Attachment Styles

    • Ainsworth identified three attachment styles: Secure, Insecure-avoidant, and Insecure-resistant.
    • Disorganized/disoriented attachment: A more recent style, characterized by confused and contradictory behaviors, linked to potential maltreatment.
    • Predictors of secure attachment: Caregiver sensitivity, maternal characteristics, and marital satisfaction.
    • Synchrony: Reciprocal interactions between infants and caregivers.

    Emotional Development

    • Early emotions: Present at birth, responding to basic needs.
    • Secondary emotions: Self-awareness and understanding of social norms (e.g., shame, guilt).
    • Social referencing: Using caregiver's emotional cues to guide responses.

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    Test your knowledge on the concepts of experience-expectant and experience-dependent processes in brain development. Additionally, discover what qualifies as fine motor skills. This quiz will challenge your understanding of these crucial developmental psychology topics.

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