Brain Development Processes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What defines experience-expectant processes in brain development?

  • Processes that are exclusively cultural and learned.
  • Development based on unique individual experiences.
  • Development reliant on environmental stimulation occurring during critical periods. (correct)
  • Functions that occur regardless of environmental stimuli.

How does experience-dependent process differ from experience-expectant process?

  • Experience-dependent processes require a critical period for development.
  • They are related to individual experiences rather than common occurrences. (correct)
  • They occur without the need for environmental interaction.
  • They rely solely on genetic predisposition.

Which of the following activities is classified as a fine motor skill?

  • Running
  • Using a pencil (correct)
  • Walking
  • Jumping

What did early cross-cultural studies reveal about the motor milestones of African children?

<p>They reached motor milestones earlier than U.S. infants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an experience-expectant process?

<p>Language acquisition in early childhood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about gross and fine motor skills is correct?

<p>Gross motor skills rely on the coordination of large muscle groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has been questioned in recent research regarding motor skill development across cultures?

<p>The timing of reaching motor milestones across different cultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might influence muscle development in infants from different cultures according to the described studies?

<p>The method of infant carrying and encouraging movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first phase of attachment according to the four-phase sequence?

<p>Pre-attachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is separation anxiety primarily associated with?

<p>Discomfort in the absence of a caregiver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by distress at separation and joy upon reunion?

<p>Secure Attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Harlow's research with infant monkeys suggest about attachment?

<p>Attachment is an inborn need for survival. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style was added more recently and is characterized by confusion and inconsistency?

<p>Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one predictor of secure attachment?

<p>Maternal sensitivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is synchrony best described?

<p>A harmonious back-and-forth exchange in interaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the socioemotional outcomes associated with secure attachment?

<p>Improved emotional health and social competence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines social referencing?

<p>Seeking emotional support from caregivers when faced with new situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do babies typically begin to show the social smile?

<p>2 to 3 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Erikson emphasize as the primary factor in personality development?

<p>Social relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the addition of disorganized/disoriented attachment significant?

<p>It is linked to various emotional and social disturbances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of mothers of securely attached children?

<p>High sociability and extraversion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Erikson's theory focuses on the development of trust?

<p>Trust vs. Mistrust (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of Freud's psychosexual stage fixation?

<p>Substance abuse issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is primarily characterized by minimal distress during separation?

<p>Insecure–Avoidant Attachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Freud and Erikson's views on childhood differ?

<p>Only Erikson believes in lifelong development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the temperament categories from the New York Longitudinal Study help to identify?

<p>Behavioral traits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'goodness of fit' refer to in temperament?

<p>The compatibility between a child's temperament and their environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is 'separation anxiety' different from 'stranger anxiety'?

<p>Stranger anxiety develops before separation anxiety. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Harlow's research on monkeys demonstrated the significance of which factor in attachment?

<p>Comfort and security (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which temperament is characterized by children who are adaptable and cheerful?

<p>Easy Temperament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud believe can result from improper stimulation during the oral stage?

<p>Addictive behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in Erikson's theory focuses on developing self-control?

<p>Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with children having a Difficult Temperament?

<p>Resistance to change (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does temperament have on children?

<p>Affects emotional regulation and social interactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychosexual stage is associated with toilet training in Freud's theory?

<p>Anal Stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do secondary emotions, such as pride, signify in infants?

<p>The development of self-awareness and understanding social rules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social referencing contribute to social development in infants?

<p>It enables infants to read emotional cues from caregivers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes experience-expectant processes from experience-dependent processes?

<p>Experience-expectant processes are universal and require specific environmental stimulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key milestone in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

<p>Object permanence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which motor skill involves using larger muscle groups?

<p>Balancing on one leg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical relationship between receptive and expressive language development in infants?

<p>Receptive language typically develops before expressive language (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does crossing cultural studies on motor development emphasize?

<p>There are variations in timing for motor milestones due to cultural practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the A-not-B error demonstrate in child cognitive development?

<p>Developing understanding of object permanence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a fine motor skill?

<p>Using scissors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does exposure to language during critical periods play in child development?

<p>It is essential for proper language development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional development is typically observed towards the end of a toddler’s second year?

<p>Understanding abstract emotions like disappointment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of experience-dependent processes in brain development?

<p>They are based on unique individual experiences and occur at any age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of gross motor skills development?

<p>Development of balance and posture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some negative outcomes linked to insecure attachment in later life?

<p>Behavioral problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically begin to show social smiles?

<p>2-3 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following emotions begin to develop between 9-20 months?

<p>Pride and guilt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social referencing in infants?

<p>Looking to caregivers for emotional cues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do secondary emotions indicate about a child's development?

<p>Cognitive understanding and social awareness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Piaget's sensorimotor stage in cognitive development?

<p>Development of symbolic thinking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes object permanence?

<p>Understanding that objects exist even when not visible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the A-not-B error in infants?

<p>Searching for an object where it was last seen, rather than where it is currently hidden (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In language development, what does expressive language refer to?

<p>Production of language and speech (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the interactionist approach, language development heavily relies on which factor?

<p>Social interactions and communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical visual acuity range for newborns?

<p>20/120 to 20/240 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a known milestone in hearing development for infants between 7-12 months?

<p>Recognition of their own name (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the western medical model differ from evolutionary practices regarding infant feeding?

<p>Advocates scheduled feeding instead of on-demand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence can arise from ignoring an infant's crying according to the western model?

<p>Negative effects on emotional development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested benefit of co-sleeping from an evolutionary perspective?

<p>Promotes bonding and easy access to infant care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of the language acquisition device (LAD) explain language learning?

<p>It indicates an innate ability to learn grammar and language (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does receptive language encompass in infants?

<p>Comprehension of language they cannot yet produce (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding infant vision, when do they fully develop color perception?

<p>4 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of feeding aligns with the evolutionary view of parenting?

<p>Breastfeeding on demand to meet nutritional needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between Freud's and Erikson's theories of development?

<p>Freud centered on childhood experiences, whereas Erikson included the entire lifespan. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which temperament type is characterized by children who adapt well to new experiences?

<p>Easy temperament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of goodness of fit refer to in child development?

<p>The compatibility between a child's temperament and their caregiving environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is crucial for children with a slow-to-warm-up temperament?

<p>Gradual exposure with gentle encouragement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four phases of attachment as identified by Bowlby?

<p>Pre-attachment, Beginning of attachment, Clear attachment, Goal-directed attachment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes secure attachment in infants according to the Strange Situation methodology?

<p>Distress during separation and joy upon reunion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which temperament requires consistent and predictable caregiving for emotional security?

<p>Difficult temperament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered significant for promoting secure attachment?

<p>Improved marital satisfaction between parents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of temperament, what does Effortful Control refer to?

<p>The ability to manage emotional responses effectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential outcomes for children with secure attachments?

<p>Better emotional health and stronger parent-child relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might children with insecure-resistant attachment display during separations and reunions?

<p>Extreme distress during separation and ambivalence upon reunion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of attachment do infants start to develop a sense of trust towards their caregivers?

<p>Clear attachment (6 to 8 months) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavioral pattern may indicate disorganized/disoriented attachment in infants?

<p>Confused and erratic responses during separations and reunions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) suggest about children's ability to learn language?

<p>Children are biologically predisposed to learn language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically develop full color perception?

<p>Four months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect of the interactionist approach to language development?

<p>It combines both nature and nurture in language acquisition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breastfeeding for infants?

<p>Promotes early weaning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does immediate response to crying relate to evolutionary perspectives?

<p>It ensures infant survival by addressing needs promptly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, which of the following stages is linked to the concept of the id?

<p>Oral stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development focuses on which of the following conflicts?

<p>Trust vs. Mistrust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Western medical model of parenting differ from evolutionary practices regarding feeding?

<p>It typically advocates for scheduled feeding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants begin to localize sounds and respond to changes in tone?

<p>Four to six months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological consequence could arise from neglecting an infant's cries?

<p>Attachment issues and anxiety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Freud's approach to personality development?

<p>Stresses the influence of unconscious conflicts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What natural biological need is often overlooked by modern practices regarding infant care?

<p>Immediate response to needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Experience-expectant processes

Brain development that relies on common experiences shared by most humans, like language learning. The brain is 'pre-wired' to expect these experiences and develops accordingly.

Experience-dependent processes

Brain development based on unique experiences that vary from person to person, like learning to dance. These skills are less tied to a specific developmental stage.

Gross motor skills

Motor skills that involve the use of large muscle groups, for example, walking or running.

Fine motor skills

Motor skills that involve the use of small muscle groups, for example, writing or buttoning a shirt.

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Cross-cultural study of early motor development

Research comparing the development of motor skills across different cultures.

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Cultural Variation in Motor Development

The idea that the timing of motor milestones, like sitting or walking, may vary across cultures due to differences in how infants are raised and interact with their environment.

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Universal Motor Development

The principle that although the timing of motor skill development may vary across cultures, children eventually reach similar milestones and demonstrate comparable abilities.

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Nature and Nurture in Motor Development

The study of motor development has shown that while cultural practices may affect the timing of milestones, the underlying process of motor skill development appears to be universal. This highlights the interplay between nature and nurture in shaping motor skills.

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Freud's Psychodynamic Theory

Freud's theory emphasizes unconscious conflicts between biological drives and societal rules, focusing on libido and psychosexual stages.

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Erikson's Psychodynamic Theory

Erikson's theory emphasizes social relationships and cultural context in shaping identity, with less focus on libido.

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Erogenous Zone

The erogenous zone is where libidinal energy is focused at different stages of development (e.g., oral, anal).

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Fixation

Fixations occur when individuals get stuck in a particular psychosexual stage due to over- or understimulation.

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Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first stage focuses on the infant's development of trust in their caregiver and the world around them.

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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's second stage focuses on the toddler's development of autonomy and self-control, particularly through toilet training.

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Temperament

Temperament is the biologically based individual differences in how a person responds to the environment, influencing their emotions, activity level, and attention.

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Goodness of Fit

A good fit between environmental forces and a child's temperament allows them to thrive.

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Easy Temperament

Children with easy temperaments are adaptable, cheerful, and have regular routines.

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Difficult Temperament

Children with difficult temperaments are easily upset, have irregular routines, and withdraw from new experiences.

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Slow-to-Warm-Up Temperament

Children with slow-to-warm-up temperaments are initially hesitant but gradually adjust to new experiences with time and support.

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Attachment Theory

Attachment theory explains the importance of strong emotional bonds between infants and caregivers.

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Separation Anxiety

Separation anxiety is distress experienced when an infant is separated from their primary caregiver.

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Stranger Anxiety

Stranger anxiety is distress experienced when an infant encounters unfamiliar people.

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Harlow's Monkey Research

Harlow's research highlighted the importance of comfort and security in attachment, proving that it's important for more than just sustenance.

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Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible.

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A-not-B Error

A mistake made by infants in the sensorimotor stage where they search for a hidden object in a location where it was previously found, even if it's now hidden in a different place.

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Sensorimotor Stage

The stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development from birth to about 2 years old, where infants develop from reflex-driven beings to more complex thinkers.

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Receptive Language

Language comprehension; the ability to understand language.

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Expressive Language

Language production; the ability to speak and create language.

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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

A theoretical, innate ability proposed by Chomsky to explain the rapid language acquisition in children. It suggests a built-in biological predisposition to learn language.

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Interactionist Approach

A theory on language development emphasizing the role of social interaction and communication with others in the learning process.

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Visual Acuity

The ability to see clearly and distinctly at different distances.

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Focal Length

The distance at which something can be seen clearly.

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Color Vision

The ability to perceive colors.

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Evolutionary Feeding Pattern

Infants' natural feeding pattern, characterized by frequent feedings on demand, often throughout the day and night.

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Western Medical Model of Infant Care

The common medical practices in Western cultures, often emphasizing scheduled feeding, formula feeding, and independent sleep.

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Mismatch Between Human Biology and Modern Infant Care

The discrepancy between how human infants evolved to be cared for and the practices often recommended in Western medical models.

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Consequences of Mismatch in Infant Care

Negative consequences for infants' physical and emotional development resulting from practices that are different from their natural needs.

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Self-Soothing

The practice of allowing infants to calm themselves down without immediate intervention.

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Independent Sleep

A practice where infants sleep in separate rooms from their parents, promoting independent sleep.

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Co-Sleeping

A practice where infants sleep in the same bed as their parents.

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Attachment

The emotional bond between a parent and child that develops from close physical and emotional contact.

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Controlled Crying

A practice of allowing infants to cry for extended periods without immediate parental intervention.

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Infant Anxiety and Stress

Emotional and psychological distress experienced by infants due to separation from their primary caregivers, often associated with inadequate care practices like controlled crying.

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Four Phases of Attachment

A four-phase sequence describing the development of attachment from birth to early childhood. These phases include pre-attachment, beginning of attachment, clear attachment, and goal-directed attachment.

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Harlow's Monkey Experiment

Harlow's experiment demonstrated that infant monkeys preferred a soft, comforting surrogate mother over a wire mother providing food, highlighting the importance of contact comfort in attachment.

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Strange Situation

A research method used to assess infant attachment styles by observing a baby's reactions to separation from and reunion with their caregiver in a series of controlled episodes.

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Secure Attachment

A secure attachment style where infants show distress when separated from their caregiver and express joy upon reunion.

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Insecure-Avoidant Attachment

An insecure attachment style where infants show little distress when separated from their caregiver and avoid interaction upon their caregiver's return.

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Insecure-Resistant Attachment

An insecure attachment style where infants experience significant distress when separated from their caregiver and remain distressed even after reunion.

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Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment

A fourth attachment style where infants display confused and inconsistent behaviors in the Strange Situation, often showing a mix of avoidance and seeking proximity with the caregiver.

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Caregiver Sensitivity

The caregiver's ability to consistently attend to an infant's cues, accurately interpreting their meaning, and responding appropriately to enhance their trust.

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Synchrony

A mutually rewarding and reciprocal interaction pattern between an infant and caregiver, contributing to a secure attachment bond.

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Social Referencing

The ability of an infant to use their caregiver's facial expressions and emotional cues to guide their own behavior and reactions.

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Secondary Emotions

Emotions like pride, guilt, and shame that develop later in infancy. These demonstrate an understanding of oneself and social rules.

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Critical Period

A specific period of time in development when the brain is sensitive to particular experiences.

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Cross-Cultural Studies on Motor Development

A type of research that compares the development of motor skills across different cultures.

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Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

The first stage of cognitive development, from birth to approximately two years, where infants move from reflexes to more complex thinking.

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Nativist Theory of Language Development

This theory emphasizes the role of biology in language development, suggesting that all humans are born with the ability to learn language.

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Interactionist Theory of Language Development

The interactionist approach complements the nativist theory by highlighting the importance of social interactions and exposure to language in the environment.

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Nearsightedness in Infants

Infants' ability to see clearly at a close distance, around 18-30 cm.

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Color Perception in Infants

Infants' ability to recognize and distinguish between different colors.

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Sound Localization

The ability to identify the direction of a sound.

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Reflexive Responses to Sounds

Infants' natural responses to sounds, like startle reflexes.

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Tone Recognition

The ability to recognize and respond to changes in the tone of voice.

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Breastfeeding on Demand

The evolutionary approach suggests that infants should be breastfed on demand, responding to hunger cues.

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Benefits of Breastfeeding

This includes the benefits of breastfeeding for both infants and mothers.

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Mismatch Between Modern Practices and Evolutionary Biology

This occurs when modern parenting practices do not align with natural biological needs, such as breastfeeding or sleep routines.

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Freud's Psychodynamic Perspective

The theory that personality is shaped by unconscious conflicts between biological drives and societal expectations.

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Psychosexual Stages of Development

Freud's concept of stages of development, emphasizing the importance of early childhood experiences.

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Erikson's Psychosocial Development

Erikson's theory focuses on social relationships and cultural context in personality development.

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Gradual Exposure

A gradual approach for children with slow-to-warm-up temperament, allowing them to adjust to new situations at their own pace.

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Study Notes

Experience in Brain Development

  • Experience-expectant processes: Brain functions developing based on common human experiences (e.g., language acquisition).
  • Experience-expectant processes require environmental stimulation at specific developmental stages.
  • An example is developing the neural pathways for language, which requires exposure to language during early childhood.
  • Experience-dependent processes: Brain functions developing based on unique individual experiences (e.g., learning to dance).
  • These processes are less tied to critical periods.
  • This type of learning can occur throughout a lifetime, showing the brain's flexibility.

Motor Skill Development

  • Gross motor skills: Use of large muscles (e.g., walking, running).
  • Fine motor skills: Use of small muscles (e.g., writing, buttoning).
  • Cross-cultural studies: Early motor milestones (e.g., sitting, walking) vary across cultures.
  • Early research suggested earlier milestones in some cultures (e.g., African infants).
  • Recent studies question these findings, emphasizing similar development patterns across cultures.
  • Posture is a foundational skill for gross motor development.

Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

  • Piaget's sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years): Infants progress from reflex-driven to symbolic thinkers.
  • Object permanence: The understanding that objects exist even when out of sight.
  • Object permanence is essential for understanding the world beyond immediate perception.
  • A-not-B error: Infants search for a hidden object where it was previously found, instead of where it was last seen.
  • This error demonstrates the development of object permanence is ongoing in the sensorimotor stage.

Language Development

  • Receptive language: Understanding language.
  • Expressive language: Producing language (speaking).
  • Receptive language usually precedes expressive language in infants.
  • Language Acquisition Device (LAD): A theoretical concept suggesting an innate ability to learn language.
  • Interactionist approach: Language development is influenced by social interactions and communication.

Sensory Development

  • Vision in newborns: Limited acuity (20/120-20/240), shorter focal length (18-30 cm).
  • Visual acuity and focal length improve by 2 months.
  • Full color perception develops by about 4 months.
  • Hearing milestones: Infants respond to sounds from birth.
  • Infants begin distinguishing tones and localizing sounds.
  • Infants pay more attention to complex sounds and languages by 7 to 12 months.

Evolutionary Context and Modern Practices

  • Feeding: Breastfeeding on demand supports emotional bonding and nutrition.
  • Western model: Scheduled feeding and formula feeding may lead to attachment issues.
  • Crying: Early response to crying is crucial for infant survival.
  • Western model: Techniques like "controlled crying" may neglect emotional needs.
  • Sleeping: Co-sleeping facilitates easy care and bonding.
  • Western model: Separate cribs may increase infant anxiety.

Developmental Theories: Freud vs. Erikson

  • Freud: Psychodynamic perspective emphasizing unconscious conflicts and psychosexual development (e.g., oral, anal stages).
  • Erikson: Psychosocial perspective emphasizing social relationships and cultural context in personality development.
  • Similarities: Both focus on early experiences shaping later development and use stages.
  • Differences: Freud's focus is on biological drives versus Erikson's emphasis on social interactions.

Temperament and Goodness of Fit

  • Temperament: Biologically based differences in emotional and behavioral responses.
  • Three temperament patterns (NYLS): Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up.
  • Goodness of fit: The match between a child's temperament and the environment.
  • Matching environments to a child's temperament helps children thrive.

Attachment Theory

  • Attachment theory: Early caregiver–infant relationships shape development.
  • Harlow's research: Monkeys preferred comfort over food, illustrating attachment's importance.
  • Separation anxiety: Distress when the primary caregiver is absent.
  • Stranger anxiety: Distress in the presence of unfamiliar people.
  • Strange Situation: A structured method for measuring attachment styles.

Attachment Styles

  • Ainsworth identified three attachment styles: Secure, Insecure-avoidant, and Insecure-resistant.
  • Disorganized/disoriented attachment: A more recent style, characterized by confused and contradictory behaviors, linked to potential maltreatment.
  • Predictors of secure attachment: Caregiver sensitivity, maternal characteristics, and marital satisfaction.
  • Synchrony: Reciprocal interactions between infants and caregivers.

Emotional Development

  • Early emotions: Present at birth, responding to basic needs.
  • Secondary emotions: Self-awareness and understanding of social norms (e.g., shame, guilt).
  • Social referencing: Using caregiver's emotional cues to guide responses.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the concepts of experience-expectant and experience-dependent processes in brain development. Additionally, discover what qualifies as fine motor skills. This quiz will challenge your understanding of these crucial developmental psychology topics.

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