Motor Development Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of motor development?

  • The study of cognitive abilities in old age
  • The study of social interactions among different age groups
  • The study of strength and endurance across the lifespan
  • The study of change in growth, development, and motor performance across the lifespan (correct)

    • Which of the following factors does not influence motor performance?

  • Experience (learning)
  • Heredity
  • Environmental conditions (correct)
  • Maturation

    • In which order does brain development progress?

  • Cell proliferation, Migration, Integration, Differential, Myelination, Cell Necrosis (correct)
  • Migration, Myelination, Cell Necrosis, Differential
  • Differential, Integration, Myelination, Cell proliferation
  • Myelination, Cell Necrosis, Integration, Migration

    • What is the significance of reflexes in motor development?

    <p>They serve as a diagnostic tool and a survival mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of locomotion typically follows crawling?

    <p>Walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between creeping and crawling?

    <p>Creeping involves a body drag, while crawling is on all fours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of attention development involves focusing on many things at once?

    <p>Overinclusive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does peak performance typically decline for skills requiring strength?

    <p>40s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of the stages of prehension development?

    <p>Palmar Grasp, Pseudo Opposition, Thumb Opposition, Mastery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the cephalocaudal pattern of development?

    <p>Growth begins with the head and progresses to the feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates phylogenetic skills from ontogenetic skills?

    <p>Phylogenetic skills are naturally acquired, while ontogenetic skills must be learned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a category of reflex?

    <p>Sensory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of physical functioning does an average adult lose between the ages of 30-70?

    <p>30% to 40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence motor performance?

    <p>Social environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental stage of locomotion comes after walking?

    <p>Running</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of myelination in neural development?

    <p>It enhances the precision and speed of neural pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the progression of control in motor development from the midline to the periphery?

    <p>Proximal-distal progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence correctly outlines the stages of locomotion development?

    <p>Crawling, creeping, walking, running</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reflex is categorized as non-purposeful and begins in the spinal cord?

    <p>Primitive reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many stages are there in the development of prehension (manual control)?

    <p>Four stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the ability to focus on one stimulus among many in the attention development stages?

    <p>Selective attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of cell necrosis during neural development?

    <p>Death of a significant percentage of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of motor development typically involves learning to control the head before the feet?

    <p>Cephalocaudal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes ontogenetic skills in motor development?

    <p>Skills that must be learned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of motor development are reflexes typically suppressed?

    <p>Infancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall effect of myelination on neural pathways?

    <p>Enhances precision and speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sequence outlines the stages of development for manual control?

    <p>Palmar grasp, pseudo opposition, thumb opposition, effective release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which order does the typical sequence of locomotion develop?

    <p>Crawling, creeping, walking, running</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT play a role in influencing motor performance?

    <p>Physical appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the upper age limit for peak performance in skills requiring fast reflexes?

    <p>20 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of attention development is characterized by focusing on a single thing?

    <p>Overexclusive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cephalocaudal direction of growth in motor development?

    <p>From head to toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is commonly associated with the suppression of infant reflexes?

    <p>Maturation of the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three categories of reflexes recognized in motor development?

    <p>Primitive, postural, locomotor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of skills with their descriptions:

    <p>Phylogenetic skills = Naturally acquired motor skills such as grasping and walking Ontogenetic skills = Learned motor skills such as typing and dancing Creeping = Moving on all fours in a coordinated manner Crawling = Dragging the body along the ground without coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of attention development with their definitions:

    <p>Over exclusive = Focus on a single stimulus Overinclusive = Focus on multiple stimuli Selective attention = Ability to focus on one aspect while ignoring others Distraction = Inability to maintain focus on any stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of locomotion development with their correct order:

    <p>Crawling = First stage of locomotion Creeping = Second stage of locomotion Walking = Third stage of locomotion Running = Fourth stage of locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following categories of reflexes with their characteristics:

    <p>Primitive reflexes = Involuntary responses present at birth Postural reflexes = Help maintain body position Locomotor reflexes = Reflexes related to walking and stepping Voluntary reflexes = Learned responses to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following developmental sequences with their descriptions:

    <p>Cephalocaudal = Growth from head to toe Proximal distal = Growth from midline to periphery Brain integration = Interaction between neural groups Myelination = Covering of neural pathways for speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reflex-related concepts with their significance:

    <p>Reflex suppression = Inactive reflexes as the brain matures Diagnostic tool = Reflexes used to assess neurological health Survival reflexes = Basic reflexes necessary for survival Motor program initiation = Reflexes that aid in starting motor actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors influencing motor performance with their descriptions:

    <p>Heredity = Genetic influence on physical ability Maturation = Biological growth processes over time Experience = Influence of practice and learning Development = Progression of skills over the lifespan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following developmental milestones of manual control (prehension) with their order:

    <p>Palmar grasp = First stage of manual control Pseudo opposition = Second stage of manual control Thumb opposition = Third stage of manual control Effective release = Final stage of manual control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following developmental sequences with their corresponding milestones:

    <p>Crawling = Body drag movement on the ground Creeping = Movement on all fours Walking = Upright movement on two feet Running = Fast-paced movement on two feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of reflexes with their descriptions:

    <p>Primitive reflexes = Basic survival reactions present at birth Postural reflexes = Reactions to maintain balance and posture Locomotor reflexes = Initiated movements that mimic walking or running Involuntary reflexes = Non-purposeful reactions to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of attention development with their definitions:

    <p>Over exclusive = Focuses on one specific stimulus Overinclusive = Considers multiple stimuli simultaneously Selective attention = Identifies and focuses on relevant stimuli Divided attention = Attempts to focus on multiple tasks at once</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of the development of prehension (manual control) with their corresponding skills:

    <p>Palmar grasp = Grasp using the whole hand Pseudo opposition = Limited thumb and finger interaction Thumb opposition = Full thumb and finger coordination Mastery = Highly effective and controlled release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors that influence motor performance with their explanations:

    <p>Heredity = Genetic predisposition impacting development Maturation = Biological growth processes affecting abilities Experience (Learning) = Gained skills through practice Growth = Physical increase in size and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of brain and CNS development with their processes:

    <p>Cell proliferation = Generating immature neurons Migration = Movement of neurons to their designated sites Myelination = Insulation of neural pathways for efficiency Cell necrosis = Death of excess neurons after development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following patterns of motor development with their directional progression:

    <p>Cephalocaudal = Development from head to toe Proximal distal = Growth from midline to outer extremities Sequential control = Learning to control head before feet Horizontal integration = Coordination across different body parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following locomotion milestones with their chronological order:

    <p>Crawling = Initial movement on the ground Creeping = Transition to moving on all fours Walking = First upright steps taken Running = Increased pace and coordination on two feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of brain and CNS development with their descriptions:

    <p>Cell proliferation = Generating immature neurons Myelination = Covering of neural pathways Differentiation = Progression of control and specialization Integration = Interaction of neural groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of motor skills with their definitions:

    <p>Phylogenetic skills = Skills that are naturally acquired Ontogenetic skills = Skills that must be learned Reflexive skills = Involuntary reactions to stimuli Locomotor skills = Mobilities such as running and jumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of attention development with their characteristics:

    <p>Over exclusive = Focuses on one thing Overinclusive = Focuses on multiple things Selective attention = Focuses on a specific stimulus among many Divided attention = Splits focus between several tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of locomotion development with their chronological order:

    <p>Crawling = First stage of locomotion development Creeping = Second stage of locomotion development Walking = Third stage of locomotion development Running = Fourth stage of locomotion development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following developmental milestones of prehension with their descriptions:

    <p>Palmar grasp = Initial gripping method using the palm Pseudo opposition = Reintroduction of thumb-like grasp Thumb opposition = Full control over the thumb to grasp Effective release = Ability to release objects smoothly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following patterns of motor development with their directional progression:

    <p>Cephalocaudal = Growth from head to toe Proximal distal = Growth from midline to periphery Lateral development = Growth side-to-side in balance Vertical development = Ascending strength and control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reflex types with their definitions:

    <p>Primitive reflexes = Basic survival reflexes present at birth Postural reflexes = Reflexes for maintaining body posture Locomotor reflexes = Reflexes related to movement patterns Tonic reflexes = Reflexes that depend on muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following causes for the fading of infant reflexes with their implications:

    <p>Survival instincts = Initial reflexes essential for baseline functions Neurological development = Maturation leading to suppression Skill acquisition = Transition to voluntary motor control Diagnostic indicators = Use of reflexes in assessing development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Motor Development

    • The study of changes in growth (size), development (level of functioning), and motor performance (behavior) across the lifespan.
    • Babies and older adults share similarities in their motor development, such as experiencing changes in muscle strength, coordination, and balance.

    Factors Influencing Motor Performance

    • Heredity: Genetic predisposition for certain physical attributes.
    • Maturation: Biological processes leading to changes in the body.
    • Development: Progression of skills and abilities.
    • Experience (Learning): Acquiring new skills through practice and feedback.
    • Growth: Increase in size and physical dimensions.

    Brain and CNS Development

    • Cell proliferation: Generation of immature neurons.
    • Migration: Movement of these neurons to different brain regions.
    • Integration: Interaction among neuronal groups, leading to coordinated function (e.g., foot-eye coordination).
    • Differentiation: Specialization of neurons for specific functions.
    • Myelination: Covering of neural pathways with myelin, increasing speed and precision of signal transmission.
    • Cell Necrosis: Death of 40-70% of neurons, a natural process for brain development.

    Sequence of Growth and Control

    • Cephalocaudal: Growth and control progress from head to toe.
    • Proximaldistal: Growth and control progress from the midline of the body outwards.

    Phylogenetic vs. Ontogenetic Skills

    • Phylogenetic Skills: Skills naturally acquired, typically present at birth or develop early in life without explicit instruction (e.g., grasping, crawling, walking).
    • Ontogenetic skills: Skills that must be learned through practice and instruction (e.g., typing, dancing, sports).

    Reflexes

    • Reflex: Non-purposeful, involuntary reactions to a stimulus, often initiated by the spinal cord.
    • Infancy Reflexes: Reflexes present at birth are gradually suppressed as the infant develops voluntary control.

    Importance of Reflexes

    • Diagnostic Tool: Can indicate neurological health or developmental delay.
    • Start-up Mechanism: Provide initial foundations for complex movement patterns.
    • Survival Reflexes: Help infants survive (e.g., sucking, rooting).

    Categories of Reflexes

    • Primitive Reflexes: Present at birth and typically disappear within the first year of life.
    • Postural Reflexes: Develop during the first year and help with maintaining balance and posture.
    • Locomotor Reflexes: Appear early in life and contribute to the development of walking and other locomotion skills.

    Creeping vs. Crawling

    • Crawling: Dragging the body along the ground, using arms and legs for propulsion.
    • Creeping: Moving on all fours, with arms and legs underneath the body.
    • Creeping typically develops before crawling.

    Prehension (Manual Control)

    • Palmar Grasp: Using the whole hand to grasp objects.
    • Pseudo Opposition: Using thumb and other fingers in a pincer-like motion.
    • Thumb Opposition: Using the thumb in opposition to the fingers for precise manipulation.
    • Mastery: Developing fine motor skills, proficient use of thumb and fingers.
    • Effective Release: Being able to purposely release objects.

    Stages of Attention Development

    • Overexclusive: Focusing on one sensory input at a time.
    • Overinclusive: Focusing on multiple stimuli simultaneously.
    • Selective Attention: Developing the ability to focus on a specific stimulus while ignoring distractions.

    Sequence of Locomotion Development

    • Crawling
    • Creeping
    • Walking
    • Running
    • Leaping
    • Jumping
    • Hopping
    • Galloping
    • Sliding
    • Skipping

    Peak Performance by Skill

    • Fast reflexes: Peak performance generally observed in the 20s.
    • Strength: Peak performance generally observed in the 40s.

    Physical Function Decline

    • Average adult: Loses about 30% of physical function between ages 30-70.
    • Lifestyle-related loss: Approximately 15% of this decline is due to lifestyle factors and is potentially preventable.

    Motor Development

    • The study of changes in growth, development, and motor performance across a lifespan
    • Similarities exist between babies and older adults in terms of motor skill development, such as learning to walk and the need for balance and coordination
    • Factors influencing motor performance:
      • Heredity: Inherited characteristics, such as muscle fiber type and body structure
      • Maturation: Biological and physiological development
      • Experience (learning): Practice and feedback contribute to skill refinement
      • Growth: Physical changes in size and proportions
      • Development: Gradual progression of abilities and skills

    Brain and CNS Development

    • Cell proliferation: Generation of immature neurons
    • Migration: Movement of neurons to specific locations in the brain
    • Integration: Connection and interaction of neural groups, crucial for coordination like foot-eye coordination
    • Differentiation: Specialization of neurons for specific functions, leading to more precise control
    • Myelination: Covering of neural pathways with myelin, increasing speed and efficiency of nerve impulse transmission
    • Cell necrosis: Programmed death of 40-70% of neurons, a natural process in brain development

    Sequence of Growth and Control

    • Cephalocaudal: Growth and control progresses from head to toe (e.g., head control before walking)
    • Proximal-distal: Growth and control progresses from the midline outward to the periphery (e.g., trunk control before finger dexterity)
    • Phylogenetic Skills: Naturally acquired skills, often instinctual (e.g., grasping, crawling, walking)
    • Ontogenetic Skills: Learned skills requiring practice and instruction (e.g., typing, dancing, sports)

    Reflexes

    • Reflexes: Non-purposeful, involuntary reactions to stimuli originating in the spinal cord
    • Infancy: Reflexes are temporarily suppressed as voluntary control develops
    • Importance of Reflexes:
      • Diagnostic tool: Presence or absence of reflexes can indicate neurological health
      • Start-up mechanism for motor programs: Reflexes can trigger voluntary movements, such as a grasping reflex initiating reaching behavior
      • Survival reflexes: Essential for immediate protection (e.g., rooting reflex for feeding)

    Reflex Categories

    • Primitive reflexes: Present at birth and typically disappear within the first year (e.g., Moro reflex, sucking reflex)
    • Postural reflexes: Help maintain balance and posture, persist throughout life (e.g., righting reflex, equilibrium reflex)
    • Locomotor reflexes: Simulate walking movements, fade as voluntary locomotor skills develop (e.g., stepping reflex)

    Creeping and Crawling

    • Creeping: Movement on all fours with the belly off the ground
    • Crawling: Movement with the belly dragging on the ground
    • Sequence: Creeping typically precedes crawling

    Prehension (Manual Control)

    • Palmar grasp: Using the whole hand to grasp objects
    • Pseudo opposition: Using the thumb to grasp objects, but not opposing it fully to the fingers
    • Thumb opposition: Using the thumb in opposition to the fingers for precise grasping
    • Mastery: High level of dexterity and coordination in manual control
    • Effective release: Controlled release of objects with precision

    Attention Development

    • Overexclusive: Focusing on only one thing, common in early childhood
    • Overinclusive: Focusing on many things simultaneously, can lead to difficulty concentrating
    • Selective attention: Ability to focus on relevant information while ignoring distractions

    Locomotion Development

    • Crawling: Movement using arms and legs
    • Creeping: Movement on all fours with belly off the ground
    • Walking: Independent upright locomotion
    • Running: Faster locomotion with a period of flight
    • Leaping: Propelling oneself off the ground with one foot and landing with the other
    • Jumping: Propelling oneself off the ground with both feet and landing with both feet
    • Hooping: Running in a circular path
    • Galloping: Alternating between a long step and a short step
    • Sliding: Moving across a surface on the bottom
    • Skipping: Alternating between a hop and a step

    Peak Performance for Motor Skills

    • For skills requiring fast reflexes: Peak performance usually occurs in the 20s.
    • For skills requiring strength: Peak performance usually occurs in the 40s.

    Decline in Physical Functioning

    • The average adult loses about 30% of their physical functioning between the ages of 30 and 70.
    • Approximately 15% of this loss is due to lifestyle factors and can potentially be mitigated.

    Motor Development

    • Study of change in growth, development, and motor performance across the lifespan.
    • Similarities between babies and older adults: both experience changes in motor abilities.

    Factors influencing Motor Performance

    • Heredity: genetic predisposition for certain motor skills
    • Maturation: biological processes affecting growth and development
    • Development: progression of functional abilities
    • Experience: learned skills through practice and feedback
    • Growth: increase in size and body composition

    Brain and CNS Development

    • Cell proliferation: Generating immature neurons
    • Migration: Neurons move to specific locations in the brain
    • Integration: Neural groups interact, leading to coordination (e.g., foot-eye coordination)
    • Differentiation: Neural control becomes specialized
    • Myelination: Neural pathways become covered with myelin, increasing precision and speed
    • Cell Necrosis: Death of 40-70% of neurons, a natural process

    Sequence of Growth and Control

    • Cephalocaudal: Growth proceeds from head to toe (learn to control head before feet)
    • Proximodistal: Growth progresses from midline to periphery (control of trunk before limbs)

    Phylogenic vs. Ontogenic Skills

    • Phylogenic: Skills naturally acquired (grasping, creeping, crawling, walking)
    • Ontogenic: Skills requiring learning (typing, dancing, sports)

    Reflexes

    • Non-purposeful, involuntary reactions to stimuli originating in the spinal cord.
    • Infancy: Reflexes are suppressed as voluntary control develops
    • Importance: Diagnostic tool for neurological conditions, starting mechanism for motor programs, and survival reflexes.

    Reflex Categories

    • Primitive: Basic reflexes present at birth (e.g., sucking, grasping)
    • Postural: Reflexes related to balance and posture (e.g., righting reflex)
    • Locomotor: Reflexes involved in movement (e.g., stepping reflex)

    Creeping vs. Crawling

    • Crawling: Body dragging, abdomen in contact with the surface
    • Creeping: Movement on all fours with the abdomen off the surface
    • Sequence: Creeping typically precedes crawling

    Stages of Prehension (Manual Control)

    • Palmar grasp: Using the whole hand to grasp objects
    • Pseudo opposition: Using thumb and fingertips to grasp objects
    • Thumb opposition: Precise grasp using thumb and index finger
    • Mastery: Highly skilled manipulation of objects

    Stages of Attention Development

    • Over-exclusive: Focus on a single object
    • Over-inclusive: Focus on multiple objects simultaneously
    • Selective attention: Ability to focus on relevant stimuli while ignoring distractions

    Sequence of Locomotion Development

    • Crawling
    • Creeping
    • Walking
    • Running
    • Leaping
    • Jumping
    • Hopping
    • Galloping
    • Sliding
    • Skipping

    Peak Performance

    • Fast reflexes: Peak performance typically observed in the 20s
    • Strength: Peak performance typically observed in the 40s

    Aging and Physical Function

    • Average adult: Lose 30% of physical functioning between ages 30 and 70
    • Lifestyle-related: 15% of physical function loss is preventable through healthy habits.

    Motor Development

    • The study of motor development examines changes in growth (size), development (level of functioning), and motor performance (behavior) across the lifespan.
    • Similarities exist between babies and older adults, such as the presence of reflexes and the potential for decline in motor skills with age.

    Factors Influencing Motor Performance

    • Heredity: Genetic predisposition influences muscle fiber type, body composition, and potential for skill development.
    • Maturation: The biological process of growth and development impacts motor performance.
    • Development: Cognitive, perceptual, and social development contribute to motor skill acquisition.
    • Experience (Learning): Practice and repetition enhance motor skills.
    • Growth: Physical growth, including changes in body size and proportions, directly impacts motor performance.

    Brain and Central Nervous System Development

    • Cell proliferation: The generation of immature neurons is essential for brain growth.
    • Migration: Neurons move to their designated locations in the brain.
    • Integration: Neural groups connect and interact, enabling coordination like foot-eye coordination.
    • Differentiation: Neurons specialize in specific functions, leading to more sophisticated control.
    • Myelination: The covering of neural pathways with myelin increases the speed and precision of nerve impulses.
    • Cell Necrosis: Apoptosis (programmed cell death) eliminates unnecessary neurons, with approximately 40-70% of neurons dying during development.

    Sequence of Growth and Control

    • Cephalocaudal: Growth and control progress from the head (cephalo) to the toes (caudal), meaning you learn to control your head before your feet.
    • Proximal-distal: Growth and control proceed from the midline (proximal) to the periphery (distal), indicating that you learn to control your trunk before your limbs.

    Types of Motor Skills

    • Phylogenetic: These skills are naturally acquired due to evolutionary history, such as grasping, creeping, crawling, and walking.
    • Ontogenetic: These skills are learned through practice and instruction, examples include typing, dancing, and sports.

    Reflexes

    • Reflexes are non-purposeful, involuntary reactions to stimuli initiated in the spinal cord.
    • They are present at birth and are gradually suppressed with development.
    • Reflexes serve as a diagnostic tool for neurological health and may initiate motor programs.
    • Three categories of reflexes:
      • Primitive reflexes include rooting and sucking reflexes, which are vital for survival.
      • Postural reflexes influence balance and upright posture.
      • Locomotor reflexes involve movement, such as walking and stepping reflexes.

    Creeping and Crawling

    • Creeping involves moving on hands and knees with the belly off the ground.
    • Crawling involves dragging the body along the ground.
    • Creeping typically precedes crawling in development.

    Stages of Prehension (Manual Control)

    • Palmar Grasp: Initial grasp using the whole hand.
    • Pseudo Opposition: Use of the thumb to assist in grasping, but not yet fully opposing it.
    • Thumb Opposition: Thumb opposes the fingers, allowing for more precise grasping.
    • Mastery: Efficient and coordinated use of fingers and thumb.
    • Effective Release: The ability to release objects intentionally.

    Stages of Attention Development

    • Overexclusive: Focus on a single, dominant stimulus.
    • Overinclusive: Multiple stimuli compete for attention.
    • Selective Attention: Ability to focus on relevant stimuli and ignore distractions.

    Development of Locomotion

    • Crawling: Dragging the body on the ground
    • Creeping: Moving on hands and knees with the belly off the ground.
    • Walking: Walking independently with alternating steps.
    • Running: Walking with periods of flight.
    • Leaping: Taking off from one foot and landing on the other.
    • Jumping: Taking off from two feet and landing on two feet.
    • Hopping: Jumping on one foot.
    • Galloping: Uneven rhythm with alternating steps and leaps.
    • Sliding: Moving on a smooth surface with one foot in front of the other.
    • Skipping: Alternating steps with a hop on one foot.

    Peak Performance for Different Motor Skills

    • Skills requiring fast reflexes typically reach peak performance in the 20s.
    • Skills requiring strength peak in the 40s.
    • The average adult loses approximately 30% of their physical functioning between ages 30-70.
    • About 15% of this loss is due to lifestyle factors and not necessarily an inevitable decline.

    Motor Development

    • The study of changes in growth, development, and motor performance throughout the lifespan.
    • Similarities exist between babies and older adults in terms of their motor development.

    Factors Influencing Motor Performance

    • Heredity plays a significant role in motor abilities.
    • Maturation, the biological process of growth and development, impacts motor performance.
    • Development refers to the increasing complexity of skills.
    • Experience and learning significantly influence motor skills.
    • Growth, an increase in size, affects motor performance.

    Brain and CNS Development

    • Cell proliferation: The brain generates immature neurons.
    • Migration: Neurons move to specific locations in the brain.
    • Integration: Neural groups interact, enabling coordination, such as foot-eye coordination.
    • Differentiation: Progression of control and specialization of neurons.
    • Myelination: Neural pathways become covered with myelin, improving speed and precision.
    • Cell necrosis: Apoptosis or programmed cell death, where approximately 40-70% of neurons die.

    Sequence of Growth and Control

    • Cephalocaudal: Growth and control progress from head to toe.
    • Proximal-distal: Growth and control progress from the midline of the body to the periphery.

    Skill Types

    • Phylogenetic skills: Naturally acquired skills like grasping, creeping, crawling, and walking.
    • Ontogenetic skills: Skills that must be learned, such as typing, dancing, and sports.

    Reflexes

    • Reflexes: Non-purposeful, involuntary reactions stimulated in the spinal cord.
    • Infancy: Many reflexes are suppressed as children develop.
    • Importance: Diagnose neurological issues, initiate motor programs, and aid in survival.
    • Categories: Primitive, postural, and locomotor reflexes.

    Creeping vs. Crawling

    • Creeping: Movement on all fours using hands and knees.
    • Crawling: Dragging the body while moving.
    • Sequence: Creeping typically precedes crawling.

    Stages of Prehension (Manual Control)

    • Palmar grasp: Using the whole hand to grasp objects (early infancy).
    • Pseudo opposition: Rudimentary thumb use, with limited control (around 4 months).
    • Thumb opposition: Opposition of the thumb to the fingers, enabling precise grasping (around 7 months).
    • Mastery: Mature hand control, allowing complex manipulations.
    • Effective release: Controlled release of objects.

    Stages of Attention Development

    • Over-exclusive attention: Focusing on only one thing at a time (early).
    • Over-inclusive attention: Focusing on multiple things simultaneously, often with limited control.
    • Selective attention: Choosing to focus on specific stimuli while filtering out others (developed later).

    Sequence of Locomotion Development

    • Crawling
    • Creeping
    • Walking
    • Running
    • Leaping
    • Jumping
    • Hopping
    • Galloping
    • Sliding
    • Skipping

    Peak Performance Across Lifespan

    • Fast reflexes: Peak performance generally occurs in the 20s.
    • Strength-based skills: Peak performance generally occurs in the 40s.

    Loss of Physical Functioning

    • Age 30-70: Adults typically lose 30% of their physical functioning.
    • Lifestyle-related loss: Around 15% of physical function loss is due to lifestyle choices.

    Motor Development Across the Lifespan

    • Motor Development encompasses changes in growth (size), development (level of functioning), and motor performance (behavior) throughout an individual's lifetime.
    • Similarities exist between babies and older adults in terms of developing motor skills: both require time, practice, and adaptation to master movement patterns.

    Factors Influencing Motor Performance

    • Heredity plays a significant role in determining an individual's physical potential for motor skills.
    • Maturation is the biological process of growth and development that influences motor performance.
    • Development refers to the acquisition of skills and abilities, contributing to motor performance.
    • Experience (learning) is crucial for refining and improving motor skills.
    • Growth encompasses physical changes in size and structure, impacting motor abilities.

    Brain and CNS Development

    • Cell proliferation: The process of generating immature neurons, forming the foundation of the nervous system.
    • Migration: The movement of neurons to their designated locations in the brain, enabling specialized functions.
    • Integration: The interaction of neural groups, leading to coordinated movements like foot-eye coordination.
    • Differentiation: The specialization of neurons, allowing for more precise control of specific movements.
    • Myelination: The covering of neural pathways with a fatty substance called myelin, increasing the speed and precision of nerve impulses.
    • Cell Necrosis: The programmed death of neurons, a natural process where around 40-70% of neurons die, promoting efficient neural connections.

    Sequence of Growth and Control

    • Cephalocaudal refers to the direction of growth from head to toe: control over head movements develops before control over feet.
    • Proximal-distal describes the directional growth from the midline of the body to the periphery: control over torso muscles develops before control over limbs.

    Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Skills

    • Phylogenetic skills are naturally acquired movement patterns, like grasping, creeping, crawling, and walking, stemming from our evolutionary history.
    • Ontogenetic skills require learning and practice, like typing, dancing, and specialized sports.

    Reflexes

    • Reflexes are involuntary, non-purposeful reactions to stimuli, originating primarily in the spinal cord.
    • Infancy reflexes gradually become suppressed as voluntary control develops.
    • Reflexes serve as a diagnostic tool for assessing neurological health.
    • They act as a startup mechanism for motor programs, providing the initial foundation for voluntary movement.
    • Some reflexes serve a survival function, protecting the infant from harm.

    Reflex Categories

    • Primitive reflexes are present at birth and typically disappear within the first few months.
    • Postural reflexes help maintain balance and posture.
    • Locomotor reflexes resemble voluntary movements, like crawling or walking, but occur involuntarily.

    Creeping and Crawling

    • Creeping involves moving on all fours, with the abdomen lifted off the ground.
    • Crawling is a belly-dragging movement along the ground.
    • Creeping typically precedes crawling in development.

    Stages of Prehension

    • Palmar grasp: The initial grasp using the whole palm.
    • Pseudo opposition: The thumb starts to move slightly towards the fingers, but not in true opposition.
    • Thumb opposition: The thumb actively opposes the fingers, enabling more precise grasp.
    • Mastery: The individual has full control and dexterity, allowing for skillful manipulation.
    • Effective release: The ability to release objects intentionally and precisely.

    Stages of Attention Development

    • Over exclusive: Focuses on a single object or stimulus, ignoring others.
    • Overinclusive: Focuses on multiple stimuli simultaneously, resulting in difficulty filtering out irrelevant information.
    • Selective attention: The ability to focus on relevant stimuli while ignoring distractions.

    Sequence of Locomotion Development

    • Crawling
    • Creeping
    • Walking
    • Running
    • Leaping
    • Jumping
    • Hopping
    • Galloping
    • Sliding
    • Skipping

    Peak Performance

    • For skills requiring fast reflexes, peak performance generally occurs in the 20s.
    • For skills demanding strength, peak performance is typically attained in the 40s.

    Physical Function Loss in Adults

    • The average adult loses around 30% of physical functioning between ages 30 and 70.
    • 15% of this loss is attributed to lifestyle choices, indicating a potential for maintaining physical function through healthy habits.

    Motor Development

    • Study of changes in growth, development, and motor performance across the lifespan
    • Similarities between babies and older adults: Both experience changes in motor abilities over time, but these changes occur in different directions.
    • Influencing factors:
      • Heredity: Genetic blueprint influencing physical capabilities
      • Maturation: Biological processes influencing development
      • Experience (learning): Practice and exposure to skills
      • Growth: Physical changes over time

    Brain and CNS Development

    • Cell Proliferation: Generation of immature neurons
    • Migration: Movement of neurons to specific brain regions
    • Integration: Interaction between neural groups for coordination (e.g., foot-eye coordination)
    • Differentiation: Specialization of neurons for specific functions
    • Myelination: Covering of neural pathways, increasing speed and precision of signal transmission
    • Cell Necrosis: Programmed cell death, eliminating unnecessary neurons (up to 40-70% of neurons die)

    Sequence of Growth and Control

    • Cephalocaudal: Growth proceeds from head to toe (e.g., head control before foot control)
    • Proximal Distal: Growth proceeds from midline to periphery (e.g., control of trunk before fingers)

    Types of Motor Skills

    • Phylogenetic: Skills acquired naturally through evolution (e.g., grasping, creeping, crawling, walking)
    • Ontogenetic: Skills that must be learned (e.g., typing, dancing, sports)

    Reflexes

    • Definition: Unconscious, involuntary responses to stimuli originating in the spinal cord
    • Fate of Infant Reflexes: Most reflexes diminish and are suppressed with development.
    • Importance:
      • Diagnostic tool to assess neurological health.
      • Starting mechanisms for later voluntary movements
      • Survival mechanisms
    • Categories:
      • Primitive: Basic reflexes present at birth (e.g., sucking, rooting)
      • Postural: Help with balance and orientation (e.g., Moro reflex)
      • Locomotor: Precursors to walking (e.g., stepping reflex)

    Creeping vs. Crawling

    • Creeping: Movement on all fours with chest off the ground
    • Crawling: Dragging the body across the floor
    • Creeping precedes crawling in typical development.

    Prehension Stages

    • Palmar Grasp: Using the entire hand to grasp objects
    • Pseudo Opposition: Using the thumb and other fingers to grasp, but not with precision
    • Thumb Opposition: Pincer grasp, using the thumb and index finger in opposition
    • Mastery: Fine motor control with precision and dexterity
    • Effective Release: Intentionally letting go of objects

    Attention Development

    • Over Exclusive: Focusing on one thing at a time
    • Over Inclusive: Focusing on many things at a time
    • Selective Attention: Choosing to focus on specific information and ignore distractions

    Development of Locomotion

    • Crawling
    • Creeping
    • Walking
    • Running
    • Leaping
    • Jumping
    • Hopping
    • Galloping
    • Sliding
    • Skipping

    Peak Performance

    • Skills requiring fast reflexes: Peak performance in the 20s
    • Skills requiring strength: Peak performance in the 40s

    Physical Function Loss in Adulthood

    • Average adult loses approximately 30% of physical function between ages 30-70.
    • Around 15% of this loss is due to lifestyle factors and could be prevented through exercise and healthy habits.

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts of motor development and the factors influencing motor performance across the lifespan. This quiz highlights the similarities between infants and older adults, as well as the biological and experiential factors that impact motor skills. Test your knowledge on brain development and its connection to motor performance.

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