Psychology condense 7 p.42-49 Untitled Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which school of thought emphasizes the role of instincts in human motivation?

  • Drive Reduction Theory
  • Optimum Arousal Theory
  • Evolutionary Theory (correct)
  • Cognitive Theory

What is the primary focus of Drive Reduction Theory?

  • Achieving a state of maximum arousal
  • Satisfying social needs
  • Motivation arising from internal drives and needs (correct)
  • Understanding cognitive processes

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which type of need must be fulfilled first?

  • Safety needs
  • Self-esteem needs
  • Love needs
  • Physiological needs (correct)

In Incentive Theory, what is meant by 'positive reinforcement'?

<p>Providing continuous positive stimulation following an action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of Maslow's Hierarchy addresses personal achievement and recognition?

<p>Self-esteem needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivates people to engage in activities such as visiting an amusement park according to the Optimum Arousal Theory?

<p>Drive to achieve maximum arousal or alertness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Incentive Theory?

<p>Motivation is associated with rewards and positive meanings to behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a part of the Incentive Theory as described?

<p>Negative reinforcement is a key component (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of the ABC model of attitude?

<p>Affective, behavioral, cognitive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the theory of planned behavior?

<p>It involves intentions based on attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the prototype willingness model, which factor does NOT affect behavior?

<p>External validation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the ABC model does the statement 'I will go to class each week' represent?

<p>Behavioral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the central route from the peripheral route in the Elaboration Likelihood Model for Persuasion?

<p>Central depends on the quality of arguments, while peripheral uses superficial persuasion cues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the attitude to behavior process model primarily determine behavior?

<p>By combining attitude with outside knowledge triggered by an event. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a subjective norm in the theory of planned behavior?

<p>My friends enjoy studying. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the affective component of an attitude?

<p>It represents an emotional response or feeling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of attribution in the context of behavior?

<p>External factors that influence behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of consistency imply regarding behavior?

<p>A person behaves consistently regardless of the situation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the psychoanalytic theory, which of the following drives is associated with motivation for survival and pleasure?

<p>Libido (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a person is fixated at the oral stage of psychosexual development?

<p>They might have traits like smoking or excessive talkativeness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves projecting one's feelings of inadequacy onto another person?

<p>Projection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of inferring causes for events or behaviors?

<p>Attribution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of behavior does distinctiveness refer to in attribution theory?

<p>Different behaviors in various situations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's theory, which of the following is not a defense mechanism?

<p>Rationalization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the foot-in-the-door phenomenon illustrate?

<p>Initial compliance to small requests can lead to larger commitments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes how people's roles can influence their attitudes over time?

<p>Role-playing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive dissonance primarily concerned with?

<p>Conflicting cognitions that lead to discomfort. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method to reduce cognitive dissonance?

<p>Ignore social expectations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the situational approach of behavior in social psychology, what is emphasized?

<p>Influence of environmental circumstances on behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when people face cognitive dissonance?

<p>They strive for alignment among their thoughts and behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement exemplifies justification of effort?

<p>Continuing in a program despite initial resistance because of past efforts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes public declarations in the context of behavior and attitude change?

<p>They increase the likelihood of following through on intentions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

<p>Physiological, Safety, Love, Self-Esteem, Self-Actualization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Carl Rogers, what two conditions are necessary for growth?

<p>Genuineness and acceptance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes self-actualization according to the content?

<p>It is a rare achievement, accomplished by only a small percentage of the population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'self-concept' refer to?

<p>The combination of genuineness and acceptance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the biological theory suggest about personality?

<p>Personality is inherited and influenced by genes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist proposed a link between extroversion levels and the reticular formation?

<p>Hans Eysenck (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain system is associated with personality according to Jeffrey Alan Gray?

<p>Fight-or-flight system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a discrepancy between conscious values and unconscious true values?

<p>Feelings of tension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the mind is responsible for immediate gratification?

<p>Id (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the superego typically begin to develop?

<p>Around 4 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ego in the mind's structure?

<p>To mediate between id and superego (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a moment of mental conflict, such as a slip of the tongue?

<p>Freudian slip (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to humanistic theory, what is the basic motive of all people?

<p>Actualizing tendency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does humanistic theory primarily differ from Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

<p>It views humans as inherently good (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when there is an over-gratification or inadequate gratification of libido impulses?

<p>Fixation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the ego's function within the mind's structure?

<p>It facilitates long-term gratification while considering morality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Evolutionary (Motivation)

The theory that our basic instincts, like eating, sleeping, and crying, are innate and drive our behavior.

Drive Reduction Theory

This theory states that we are motivated to reduce internal drives created by unmet needs. For example, thirst drives us to seek water.

Optimal Arousal Theory

The idea that we are motivated to reach a certain level of arousal or excitement. This explains why people seek out activities like thrill rides or sports.

Cognitive Motivation

The theory that our thoughts and beliefs influence our motivation. We might be motivated to achieve a goal because of our beliefs about its value.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A pyramid-shaped model that organizes needs in a hierarchy. Each level must be satisfied before moving to the next. Basic survival needs at the bottom, self-actualization at the top.

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Incentive Theory

Focuses on how rewards, both tangible and intangible, motivate behavior. Positive reinforcement strengthens behaviors by associating them with rewards.

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Positive Reinforcement

Continuous positive stimulation to encourage a behavior. It's a key aspect of Incentive Theory.

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Negative Reinforcement

Removing a punishment to encourage a behavior. It's NOT a key aspect of Incentive Theory.

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Attitude

A learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way, encompassing emotional, behavioral, and cognitive aspects.

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ABC Model of Attitude

A model of attitude consisting of three components: Affective (emotional), Behavioral (action), and Cognitive (thoughts/beliefs).

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Theory of Planned Behavior

A theory that explains how our intentions influence our behavior, considering factors like our attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

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Attitude to Behavior Process Model

A model suggesting that an event triggers our attitude, which, along with existing knowledge, determines our behavior.

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Prototype Willingness Model

A model highlighting six factors influencing behavior: past behavior, attitudes, subjective norms, intentions, willingness, and prototypes/models.

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Elaboration Likelihood Model for Persuasion

A model explaining persuasion by exploring two paths of information processing: central and peripheral.

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Central Route of Persuasion

Persuasion based on the content of the message and logical reasoning.

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Peripheral Route of Persuasion

Persuasion based on surface-level cues like the attractiveness or status of the persuader.

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Attribution

The process by which we infer the causes of behavior, attributing them to either internal factors (personality) or external factors (situation).

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Consistency

A person's tendency to have consistent behavior across various situations.

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Distinctiveness

The degree to which a behavior changes depending on the situation or context.

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Consensus

The extent to which other people behave similarly in the same situation.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

A theory of personality that suggests our personality is shaped by unconscious thoughts, feelings, and past experiences, particularly from childhood.

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Libido

A natural energy source that fuels the mechanisms of the mind, according to Freud.

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Fixation

A psychological state where the libido gets stuck at a particular stage of psychosexual development.

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Projection

A defense mechanism where individuals project their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or impulses onto others.

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Principle of Aggregation

When we observe a group's behavior, it can be more reliable to analyze the collective actions rather than focusing on one individual. This is because individual actions might be influenced by personal factors that are irrelevant to the overall trend.

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Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

A psychological phenomenon where people are more likely to comply with large requests after agreeing to smaller ones. It works by gradually increasing the demands on a person, starting with a small request that they're likely to accept.

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Role-playing

The idea that playing a role, even initially as an act, can lead to a shift in our attitudes and beliefs. As we repeatedly act in a certain way, we start to internalize those behaviors and adopt them as part of our identity.

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

The theory that explains how we strive for consistency between our beliefs, attitudes, and actions. When these elements clash, we experience discomfort and try to reduce it by modifying our beliefs, trivializing the conflict, adding new information, or denying the reality.

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Trivialize Cognitive Dissonance

A way to reduce cognitive dissonance by making the conflicting ideas or beliefs seem less important. This can be done by downplaying the negative consequences of our actions or emphasizing other positive aspects.

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Add Cognitions

A method for reducing cognitive dissonance by adding new beliefs or information that supports our actions. This can help to justify our behavior or reduce the conflict between our beliefs and actions.

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Situational Approach

This approach in social psychology focuses on how our environment and situations influence behavior. It emphasizes the interactions between individuals and their surroundings, rather than focusing solely on personality traits.

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Public Declarations

Publicly declaring your intention to do something can increase your likelihood of following through. This is because we feel a pressure to be consistent with our publicly stated commitments.

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Biological Theory of Personality

This theory suggests that our personality is primarily shaped by our genetic makeup and biological factors.

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Reticular Activation System (RAS) Theory

The idea that our personality is influenced by the activation levels of our brain's reticular activating system.

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Eysenck's Theory of Extroversion

Hans Eysenck proposed that a person's level of extroversion is based on the RAS's activity level in their brain.

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Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

Jeffrey Alan Gray's theory that personality is a result of three interconnected brain systems: the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), the behavioral activation system (BAS), and the fight-flight-freeze system.

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Cloninger's Biosocial Model

The concept that personality is influenced by brain circuits responsible for reward, motivation, and punishment.

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Self-Actualization

A state of being fully oneself, accepting one's strengths and weaknesses.

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Genuineness

The ability to be open and honest with oneself and others.

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Acceptance

Unconditional acceptance and respect for oneself and others, regardless of their flaws.

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Id

The unconscious part of the personality that seeks immediate gratification and pleasure. It operates on the "pleasure principle", demanding satisfaction without regard for consequences.

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Ego

The conscious part of the personality that mediates between the Id's demands and the Superego's moral constraints. It operates on the "reality principle", seeking to satisfy the Id in a socially acceptable way.

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Superego

The moral compass of the personality, representing internalized societal values and rules. It strives for perfection and often acts as a critical judge of our actions.

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Id, Ego, Superego Conflict

A conflict that arises when the Id's desires clash with the Superego's moral standards, creating tension and anxiety. The Ego attempts to resolve this conflict, finding a balance between desires and morality.

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Freudian Slip

A slip of the tongue that reveals unconscious thoughts or feelings. It's often seen as a result of the Ego's failure to fully censor the Id's desires.

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Humanistic Theory (Carl Rogers)

A theory of personality development that focuses on the conscious self and emphasizes human potential for growth and self-actualization. It sees individuals as inherently good and motivated to reach their full potential.

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Actualizing Tendency (Self-actualization)

The innate drive to maintain and enhance oneself, a core concept in Humanistic Theory. It motivates individuals to explore their potential and reach self-actualization.

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Determinism (Freud)

The belief that all behavior is determined by unconscious desires and drives. It contrasts with Humanistic Theory, which focuses on conscious motivation and self-direction.

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Study Notes

Motivation Schools of Thought

  • Evolutionary: Basic instincts (e.g., eating, sleeping) drive motivation.
  • Drive Reduction: Needs (e.g., thirst) create drives (e.g., thirst). Drive reduction satisfies needs.
  • Optimum Arousal: People seek optimal arousal levels (e.g., amusement park).
  • Cognitive: Thoughts and processes drive behaviour.
  • Maslow's Hierarchy: Needs are satisfied in a specific order (physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualisation).

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  • Pyramid: Needs must be satisfied from bottom to top.
  • Physiological: Food, water, breathing.
  • Safety: Employment, health, resources.
  • Love/Belonging: Intimacy, family.
  • Esteem: Confidence, achievement, respect.
  • Self-Actualization: Reaching potential.

Incentive Theory

  • Reward: Positive reinforcement motivates behaviour.
  • Meaning: Associating positive outcomes with behaviour.
  • Intangible/Tangible: Promotion, job satisfaction.
  • Immediate/Delayed: Immediate rewards increase the likelihood of repeating behaviour.

Biological and Sociocultural Factors - Food, Sex, and Drugs

  • Food: Hypothalamus regulates hunger and satiety. Insulin and leptin signals influence intake.
  • Sex: Biological stages (excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution) involve testosterone.
  • Drugs: Biochemical factors, genetics, and stress influence drug use.
  • Biologically/Socio-culturally: Family history/genetics, withdrawal cravings and biochemical factors.

Components of Attitude

  • Learned: Evaluative tendencies toward objects, people, and events.
  • Affective: Emotional feelings.
  • Behavioural: Actions toward the attitude target.
  • Cognitive: Beliefs/thoughts associated with the target.

Attitudes Influence Behaviour

  • Theory of Planned Behaviour: Intentions influence behaviour based on attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control.
  • Attitude-to-Behaviour Process Model: Attitude and outside knowledge affect behaviour.
  • Prototype Willingness Model: Past behavior, attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions motivate behaviour.
  • Elaboration Likelihood Model: Persuasion can be processed by central route (logical) or peripheral route (emotional).

Behaviour Influences Attitude

  • Foot-in-the-Door: Agreeing to small requests increases likelihood of agreeing to larger ones.
  • Role-playing: Adopting a role can influence attitude.
  • Cognitive Dissonance: Conflicting attitudes induce discomfort, leading to attitude change.
  • Situational Approach: Behaviour is influenced by the situation.

Theories of Personality

  • Psychoanalytic Theory: Focuses on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences.
  • Humanistic Theory: Highlights inherent goodness, self-actualization, and subjective experience.

Biological Theory

  • Genetic Influence: Genes play a role in personality traits (e.g. social potency).
  • Temperament: Inherited predisposition, influences behaviour.
  • Brain Systems: Involved in various aspects of personality, e.g., reward, motivation, and impulsivity.

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