Psychology condense 7 p.42-49 Untitled Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which school of thought emphasizes the role of instincts in human motivation?

  • Drive Reduction Theory
  • Optimum Arousal Theory
  • Evolutionary Theory (correct)
  • Cognitive Theory

    • What is the primary focus of Drive Reduction Theory?

  • Achieving a state of maximum arousal
  • Satisfying social needs
  • Motivation arising from internal drives and needs (correct)
  • Understanding cognitive processes

    • According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which type of need must be fulfilled first?

  • Safety needs
  • Self-esteem needs
  • Love needs
  • Physiological needs (correct)

    • In Incentive Theory, what is meant by 'positive reinforcement'?

    <p>Providing continuous positive stimulation following an action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of Maslow's Hierarchy addresses personal achievement and recognition?

    <p>Self-esteem needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates people to engage in activities such as visiting an amusement park according to the Optimum Arousal Theory?

    <p>Drive to achieve maximum arousal or alertness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Incentive Theory?

    <p>Motivation is associated with rewards and positive meanings to behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a part of the Incentive Theory as described?

    <p>Negative reinforcement is a key component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of the ABC model of attitude?

    <p>Affective, behavioral, cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the theory of planned behavior?

    <p>It involves intentions based on attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the prototype willingness model, which factor does NOT affect behavior?

    <p>External validation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the ABC model does the statement 'I will go to class each week' represent?

    <p>Behavioral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the central route from the peripheral route in the Elaboration Likelihood Model for Persuasion?

    <p>Central depends on the quality of arguments, while peripheral uses superficial persuasion cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the attitude to behavior process model primarily determine behavior?

    <p>By combining attitude with outside knowledge triggered by an event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a subjective norm in the theory of planned behavior?

    <p>My friends enjoy studying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the affective component of an attitude?

    <p>It represents an emotional response or feeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of attribution in the context of behavior?

    <p>External factors that influence behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of consistency imply regarding behavior?

    <p>A person behaves consistently regardless of the situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the psychoanalytic theory, which of the following drives is associated with motivation for survival and pleasure?

    <p>Libido</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a person is fixated at the oral stage of psychosexual development?

    <p>They might have traits like smoking or excessive talkativeness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves projecting one's feelings of inadequacy onto another person?

    <p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of inferring causes for events or behaviors?

    <p>Attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of behavior does distinctiveness refer to in attribution theory?

    <p>Different behaviors in various situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud's theory, which of the following is not a defense mechanism?

    <p>Rationalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the foot-in-the-door phenomenon illustrate?

    <p>Initial compliance to small requests can lead to larger commitments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept describes how people's roles can influence their attitudes over time?

    <p>Role-playing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cognitive dissonance primarily concerned with?

    <p>Conflicting cognitions that lead to discomfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method to reduce cognitive dissonance?

    <p>Ignore social expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the situational approach of behavior in social psychology, what is emphasized?

    <p>Influence of environmental circumstances on behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when people face cognitive dissonance?

    <p>They strive for alignment among their thoughts and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement exemplifies justification of effort?

    <p>Continuing in a program despite initial resistance because of past efforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes public declarations in the context of behavior and attitude change?

    <p>They increase the likelihood of following through on intentions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

    <p>Physiological, Safety, Love, Self-Esteem, Self-Actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Carl Rogers, what two conditions are necessary for growth?

    <p>Genuineness and acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes self-actualization according to the content?

    <p>It is a rare achievement, accomplished by only a small percentage of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'self-concept' refer to?

    <p>The combination of genuineness and acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the biological theory suggest about personality?

    <p>Personality is inherited and influenced by genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist proposed a link between extroversion levels and the reticular formation?

    <p>Hans Eysenck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain system is associated with personality according to Jeffrey Alan Gray?

    <p>Fight-or-flight system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a discrepancy between conscious values and unconscious true values?

    <p>Feelings of tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the mind is responsible for immediate gratification?

    <p>Id</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the superego typically begin to develop?

    <p>Around 4 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ego in the mind's structure?

    <p>To mediate between id and superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a moment of mental conflict, such as a slip of the tongue?

    <p>Freudian slip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to humanistic theory, what is the basic motive of all people?

    <p>Actualizing tendency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does humanistic theory primarily differ from Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

    <p>It views humans as inherently good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when there is an over-gratification or inadequate gratification of libido impulses?

    <p>Fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the ego's function within the mind's structure?

    <p>It facilitates long-term gratification while considering morality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Motivation Schools of Thought

    • Evolutionary: Basic instincts (e.g., eating, sleeping) drive motivation.
    • Drive Reduction: Needs (e.g., thirst) create drives (e.g., thirst). Drive reduction satisfies needs.
    • Optimum Arousal: People seek optimal arousal levels (e.g., amusement park).
    • Cognitive: Thoughts and processes drive behaviour.
    • Maslow's Hierarchy: Needs are satisfied in a specific order (physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualisation).

    Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    • Pyramid: Needs must be satisfied from bottom to top.
    • Physiological: Food, water, breathing.
    • Safety: Employment, health, resources.
    • Love/Belonging: Intimacy, family.
    • Esteem: Confidence, achievement, respect.
    • Self-Actualization: Reaching potential.

    Incentive Theory

    • Reward: Positive reinforcement motivates behaviour.
    • Meaning: Associating positive outcomes with behaviour.
    • Intangible/Tangible: Promotion, job satisfaction.
    • Immediate/Delayed: Immediate rewards increase the likelihood of repeating behaviour.

    Biological and Sociocultural Factors - Food, Sex, and Drugs

    • Food: Hypothalamus regulates hunger and satiety. Insulin and leptin signals influence intake.
    • Sex: Biological stages (excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution) involve testosterone.
    • Drugs: Biochemical factors, genetics, and stress influence drug use.
    • Biologically/Socio-culturally: Family history/genetics, withdrawal cravings and biochemical factors.

    Components of Attitude

    • Learned: Evaluative tendencies toward objects, people, and events.
    • Affective: Emotional feelings.
    • Behavioural: Actions toward the attitude target.
    • Cognitive: Beliefs/thoughts associated with the target.

    Attitudes Influence Behaviour

    • Theory of Planned Behaviour: Intentions influence behaviour based on attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control.
    • Attitude-to-Behaviour Process Model: Attitude and outside knowledge affect behaviour.
    • Prototype Willingness Model: Past behavior, attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions motivate behaviour.
    • Elaboration Likelihood Model: Persuasion can be processed by central route (logical) or peripheral route (emotional).

    Behaviour Influences Attitude

    • Foot-in-the-Door: Agreeing to small requests increases likelihood of agreeing to larger ones.
    • Role-playing: Adopting a role can influence attitude.
    • Cognitive Dissonance: Conflicting attitudes induce discomfort, leading to attitude change.
    • Situational Approach: Behaviour is influenced by the situation.

    Theories of Personality

    • Psychoanalytic Theory: Focuses on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences.
    • Humanistic Theory: Highlights inherent goodness, self-actualization, and subjective experience.

    Biological Theory

    • Genetic Influence: Genes play a role in personality traits (e.g. social potency).
    • Temperament: Inherited predisposition, influences behaviour.
    • Brain Systems: Involved in various aspects of personality, e.g., reward, motivation, and impulsivity.

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