Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to the presented performance equation, what factor(s) influence an individual's job performance?
According to the presented performance equation, what factor(s) influence an individual's job performance?
- The interaction between ability and motivation (correct)
- Ability alone
- Motivation alone
- Aptitude, training, and resources only
In the context of motivation, what do intensity, direction, and persistence describe?
In the context of motivation, what do intensity, direction, and persistence describe?
- The factors of hygiene that contribute to job dissatisfaction.
- The elements of reinforcement
- The core components that define the motivational process. (correct)
- The outcomes of achieving organizational goals.
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which needs must be satisfied before an individual can focus on self-actualization?
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which needs must be satisfied before an individual can focus on self-actualization?
- Esteem needs only
- All needs lower in the hierarchy: physiological, security, affiliation, and esteem needs (correct)
- Only growth needs must be satisfied
- Physiological and security needs only
According to Herzberg's Motivator-Hygiene Theory, which of the following is considered a 'hygiene factor'?
According to Herzberg's Motivator-Hygiene Theory, which of the following is considered a 'hygiene factor'?
What is the primary focus of operant conditioning as a type of behavioral learning?
What is the primary focus of operant conditioning as a type of behavioral learning?
In the context of reinforcement, what differentiates positive reinforcement from negative reinforcement?
In the context of reinforcement, what differentiates positive reinforcement from negative reinforcement?
What is the purpose of 'punishment' within the contingencies of reinforcement?
What is the purpose of 'punishment' within the contingencies of reinforcement?
What does 'extinction/omission' refer to in the context of behavioral consequences?
What does 'extinction/omission' refer to in the context of behavioral consequences?
According to the principles of positive reinforcement, what is the ideal timing for reinforcement?
According to the principles of positive reinforcement, what is the ideal timing for reinforcement?
In the context of negative reinforcement, what is 'escape learning'?
In the context of negative reinforcement, what is 'escape learning'?
A leader removes an employee from a project that the employee finds tedious and unfulfilling after the employee demonstrates improved performance in other areas. What type of reinforcement is being used?
A leader removes an employee from a project that the employee finds tedious and unfulfilling after the employee demonstrates improved performance in other areas. What type of reinforcement is being used?
What does it mean for a leader to remove all reinforcing events following an employee's behavior?
What does it mean for a leader to remove all reinforcing events following an employee's behavior?
To effectively apply punishment, what should leaders balance it with?
To effectively apply punishment, what should leaders balance it with?
What is a potential negative consequence of using punishment as a motivational tool?
What is a potential negative consequence of using punishment as a motivational tool?
An employee consistently arrives late to work. As a result, the supervisor cuts the employee's pay. What principle is the supervisor applying?
An employee consistently arrives late to work. As a result, the supervisor cuts the employee's pay. What principle is the supervisor applying?
A company decides to implement a new policy where employees who meet their sales targets are no longer required to submit weekly progress reports, which many find tedious. What type of reinforcement is this an example of?
A company decides to implement a new policy where employees who meet their sales targets are no longer required to submit weekly progress reports, which many find tedious. What type of reinforcement is this an example of?
A company institutes a 'Best Employee of the Month' award and gives the winner a bonus. What key approach to motivation does this represent?
A company institutes a 'Best Employee of the Month' award and gives the winner a bonus. What key approach to motivation does this represent?
Which action best demonstrates how a manager can address an employee's esteem needs, according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Which action best demonstrates how a manager can address an employee's esteem needs, according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
How can a company best apply the principles of positive reinforcement to improve employee attendance?
How can a company best apply the principles of positive reinforcement to improve employee attendance?
Which of these actions demonstrate the principles of extinction/omission?
Which of these actions demonstrate the principles of extinction/omission?
Flashcards
Motivation
Motivation
The forces acting on or within a person that cause them to behave in a specific, goal-directed manner; includes intensity, direction, and persistence.
Ability
Ability
An individual's skill set determined by aptitude, training, and available resources.
Key Approaches to workplace motivation
Key Approaches to workplace motivation
Meeting basic human needs, designing jobs that motivate, enhancing belief in achievable rewards, reinforcement, and treating people equitably
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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Hygiene Factors (Hertzberg)
Hygiene Factors (Hertzberg)
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Motivator Factors (Hertzberg)
Motivator Factors (Hertzberg)
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Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
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Operating conditioning
Operating conditioning
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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Punishment
Punishment
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Extinction/Omission
Extinction/Omission
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Negative Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
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Principles of Positive Reinforcement
Principles of Positive Reinforcement
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Negative Reinforcement Principles
Negative Reinforcement Principles
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Principles of Punishment
Principles of Punishment
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Study Notes
Achieving Motivation in the Workplace
- Achieving motivation contributes to an individuals fulfillment and organizational success.
Motivation
- It is the forces acting on a person that causes specific goal-directed behavior.
- Motivation is comprised of intensity, direction, and persistence toward a certain course of action that ensures the attainment of organizational goals.
Diagnosing Work Performance Problems
- Performance is a function of ability and motivation
- Ability is a function of aptitude, training, and resources.
Key Approaches to Motivation in the Workplace
- Meeting basic human needs
- Designing jobs that motivate people
- Enhancing the belief that desired rewards can be achieved
- Reinforcement
- Treating people equitably
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- The hierarchy outlines an order of needs that, when met, leads to individual growth and organizational success.
- The hierarchy is composed of a pyramid structure with the base being Physiological needs and ascending upwards to Security, Affiliation, Esteem, and culminating in Self Actualization.
- General examples of the pyramid are Food, Stability, Friendship, Status, and Achievement, starting from the bottom and ascending upwards.
- Organizational Examples of the pyramid are Base Salary, Pension Plan, Friends at work, Job Title, and Challenging Job, starting from the bottom and ascending upwards.
Hertzberg's Motivator-Hygiene Theory
- Hygiene factors can cause job dissatisfaction, including quality of supervision, salary, physical working conditions, and job security.
- Motivator factors lead to job satisfaction which can include opportunities for growth, advancement, recognition, responsibility, and a sense of achievement.
Types of Behavioral Learning
- Social cognitive theory and classical conditioning are types of behavioral learning.
- Operating conditioning is another type of behavioral learning.
- Leaders can develop and implement a behavioral learning strategy using operating conditioning.
- Strategies can be employed to involve the addition or removal of pleasant or unwanted consequences.
Contingencies of Reinforcement
- Positive Reinforcement links behavior with a consequence that is considered pleasant, as desired by the follower.
- Punishment adds an unpleasant consequence as a response to a person's behavior with the goal of stopping the behavior from happening in the future.
- Extinction removes behavior that is not followed by any consequence.
- Negative Reinforcement links desired behaviors with the removal of undesirable consequences.
Principles of Positive Reinforcement
- You should only reinforce desired behavior.
- You should reinforce immediately after desired behavior occurs.
- A larger amount of reinforcement has a greater effect on the behaviors you're hoping to encourage.
- Columbia Medical increased their $100 bonus and turnover decreased by 3% monthly.
Principles of Negative Reinforcement
- An unpleasant event precedes behavior and is removed when desired behavior occurs
- This is not a punishment.
- Escape learning occurs when an unpleasant event occurs until behavior exhibited, like plane buzzers.
- Avoidance learning occurs when a person prevents an event from occurring by exhibiting behavior.
Principles of Extinction/Omission
- A leader removes all reinforcing events.
- This extinguishes undesirable behavior.
- Failing to recognize good behavior is a form of omission, taking away all reinforcers.
Principles of Punishment
- Punishment must be directly linked to undesirable behavior to be effective.
- Punishment must be immediate.
- Greater the size, the stronger the effect on undesirable behavior.
- Often leads to short term extinction, so need to be combined with alternative desired behaviors.
- Praise in public, and punish in private.
- Pinpoint and specifically describe the undesirable behavior to be avoided.
- Develop alternative desired behavior.
- Balance the use of pleasant and unpleasant events.
The Catch With Punishment
- If leaders administer unpleasant events following behavior, it decreases the frequency of the behavior.
- Material examples include cuts in pay, demotion, transfer, and firing.
- Verbal examples include verbal/oral reprimands.
- Nonverbal examples include frowns, moans, and body language.
- Task examples include physical labor and dirty conditions.
- Short term decreases in behavior can lead to recurrence of undesirable employee behavior, undesirable emotional reaction, aggressive/disruptive behavior, apathetic/noncreative performance, fear of manager, and high turnover/absenteeism.
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