Motivation and Emotion Quiz

• Motives are needs, wants, and interests that propel people in certain directions.
• Study of motivation includes input, motivation, & behaviour.
• Maslow's model suggests lower needs must be satisfied before higher ones.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (Bottom to Top)

• Physiological needs (hunger/thirst)
• Safety & security needs (long-term survival/stability)
• Belongingness & love needs (affiliation/acceptance)
• Esteem needs (achievement/gaining recognition)
• Cognitive needs (knowledge/understanding)
• Aesthetic needs (order/beauty)
• Need for self-actualization (realization of potential)
• Criticisms of Maslow's model include questioning if lower needs must always be fulfilled first and whether the order is universal.

Social Motives (4 Categories)

• Need for achievement: desire to accomplish goals and excel
• Affiliation: wanting to be with and accepted by others. Focused on quantity over quality
• Intimacy: wanting good interpersonal relations and close exchange with a significant other
• Need for power: wanting to influence or control others; to have an impact
• People feel most fulfilled when engaged in activities where they feel independent, in control (autonomy), competent & worthy, and connected.

Biological Motives

• Hunger and eating are controlled by the hypothalamus. Influenced by blood glucose, insulin, & leptin
• Stomach signals to the brain based on stomach wall distention & nutrient richness.
• Eating disorders are partly a product of media influence and cultural association of thinness with beauty, sex appeal, & success.

Anorexia Nervosa

• Refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight, being 85% or less of what it should be, or a BMI equal to or below 17.5 (kg/m²).
• Features intense fear of gaining weight and disturbance in body perception.
• Related symptoms include obsession with food and strenuous exercise.
• Causes include families (disengaged or overly protective), perfectionism, and using weight control to deal with issues like autonomy, love, and sexuality.

Bulimia

• It affects 3% of women, with up to 20% of college women experiencing symptoms
• Includes eating binges/feeling out-of-control followed by self-induced vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.
• Binges occur at least twice a week for at least 3 months
• The risk factors include dieting/restrained eating, family history of obesity, alcoholism, depression, or anxiety.

Evolution & Mating Priorities

• Parental investment theory states that the sex with larger offspring investment will be more discriminating in selecting a partner.
• Sexual orientation exists on a continuum/scale where 0-1 = heterosexual & 5-6 = homosexual.
• The most promising model for theories of homosexuality is biological: levels of prenatal hormones are involved in the organization of the brain
• Propensity toward homosexuality is determined before birth by maternal biological factors.

Emotion

• Every feeling has value and significance
• Basic driving force is to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

Definition of Emotion: 3 Components

• Subjective/Cognitive: pleasant/unpleasant internal state + associated thoughts. Appraisals/focus shape emotional experience and thoughts can intensify emotions.
• Physiological Component: activation of the sympathetic nervous system and changes in breathing, perspiration, and heart rate.
• Behavioral Reaction: visible bodily change (facial expression/posture).

Expression of Emotion

• Nonverbal expression: involves 80 facial muscles with distinct patterns for particular emotions; there are gender differences in reading and expressing.
• Cultural Universals: facial expressions represent a universal language for primary emotions (fear, anger, joy, disgust, surprise, sadness/distress); display rules vary according to culture.
• Individual Differences: Some are naturally more expressive; others conflict about showing emotions. Expression has health benefits.
• Detecting Deceit: Polygraph (measures autonomic arousal (emotion detector), heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, GSR, & lie detector has serious limitations) and micro-expressions may leak emotions.
• To cope with feelings: be aware (mindfulness), allow and accept, and regulate what you need.

How to Deal with Experiencing Emotions

• Fear: can paralyze and lead to adaptive responses; conditioning and observational learning explain fear (mediated by amygdala).
• Anger: perceived offense involving a responsible agent.
• What to do with angry feelings: clarify misunderstanding, and try to see the others' perspectives
• Hostile outbursts often lead to escalations & brewing/holding-in is detrimental.
• Happiness: Aristotle notes that "Happiness depends upon ourselves."
• Abraham Lincoln: "Most people are about as happy as they make up their minds to be.”
• Buddha suggests, “We are arises with our thoughts."
• Happy Moods: Lead to greater productivity, better relationships, altruism, health, resilience and creativity.
• 50% of becoming happy is genetically determined, 10% is circumstances, & 40% is intentional activities.
• What Happiness is NOT: wealth or more things“out there."
• Levels of happiness tend to be stable, and external events have short-turn impact.

Happiness: Strong Predictors

• Love: married people report higher happiness levels.
• Work Satisfaction: substantial association with general happiness
• Personality and temperament: 50% or more heritable, but not genetically fixed.

Happiness: Moderate Predictors

• Health: particularly important later in life.
• Social Activity: strong personal relationships foster better health and mood.
• Religion: provides meaning, comfort and support (especially in times of stress).

Invest in Happiness

• Nurture relationships/Find love - the profound importance of interconnection.
• Practice Acts of Kindness.
• Find meaning and purpose in life
• Work on attitude, focus on what you have rather than not.
• Take care of your body

Prenatal Development

• Conception: 300 million sperms competing for 1 egg. 23 chromosomes unite.
• Zygote: Conception to 2 weeks; Travels & implants in the uterine wall.
• Embryo: Development of placenta and umbilical cord. 2-8 weeks; Development of all vital organs
• Fetus: 9 weeks to birth; organs continue to grow, muscles and bones form, sex organs develop.
• Periods of vulnerability differ.

Teratogens

• A teratogen is a "monster producing agent"
• Nicotine: risk of spontaneous abortions & fetal death; lower birth weight; higher death risk in 1st year.
• Alcohol: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is the 3rd leading cause of mental retardation & physical differences like flat midface & thin upper lip
• Crack/cocaine: reduced fetal blood flow: higher stillbirths; behavioural & learning difficulties.
• Certain prescription drugs like acne medication
• Maternal health (nutrition, & stress via cortisol secretion) affects fetal development.
• Fetal learning: Fetus recognizes mother's voice at birth. The fetus prefers sounds experienced in the womb.

Infancy and Childhood

• Sensory Development: reflexes; can see, hear, smell
• Motor development: sequence of developmental milestones is universal.
• Motor control: cephalocaudal trend (head-to-foot direction) proximodistal trend (centre-outward direction). Progress varies.
• Linguistic Development: ability to acquire language is biologically-based. Critical period: Input begins in the womb. Factors that make children experts: social interest, speech perception abilities, speech production, & Language Acquisition Device
• Cognitive development:
  • Assimilation: interpreting new experiences by existing mental forms, e.g. iPad.
  • Accomodation: changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences.
  • Sensorimotor Stage (Birth- 2 years): development of object permanence.
  • Preoperational Stage (2-7): Failure at conservation
  • Concrete Operational (7-11 yrs.): perform mental operations (e.g. conservation task) Formal Operational (11 years on): ability to logically and abstractly reason.
• The close, emotional bonds of affection that develop are attachment. close relationship between child and caregiver
• Ramifications include severe neglect (e.g. orphaned children) Triggered by threat or times of illness, hunger, fatigue, and pain.
• Attachment figures: usually the mother, also attach to father, siblings, and grandparents.
• Attachment Behaviors include smiling, babbling, crying, facial expressions.
• The purpose is to bring the caregiver close (proximity), the ultimate goal of security.

Animal Attachment: Harlow's Famous Monkey Study (1958, 1959)

• Separated babies from mother; the monkeys were replaced mother with terrycloth or wire mothers. 50% fed by cloth 50% wire.
• Findings of Harlow's Study: when scared, baby monkey prefer cloth mothers, even if they were not fed by them.

Human Attachment

• Human infants have a biological tendency to emit behaviours that trigger protective responses from caregivers; adults then respond warmly
• Assessing Attachment (Ainsworth 1978): patterns include secure, insecure anxious ambivalent & insecure avoidant.
• Disorganized-Disoriented discovered later and originates from caregiver responsiveness and child's temperament.
  • Secure Attachment: play and explore when mother calm and secure
  • Insecure Anxious: anxious when proximity when mother is close
  • Insecure Avoidant: seek little contact.
  • Insecure Disorganized-Disoriented: not sure whether they should approach or avoid mother.

Caregiver Sensitivity

• It is a primary predictor of attachment patterns - a caregiver responding in a way contingent upon needs.
• Effects of Insecure Attachment on Child Mental Disrupted brain organization impacts stress response
• secure say: "I find it relatively easy to get close to others."
• avoidant state: “I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others"
• Anxious say: "I find that others are reluctant."
• Parenting styles: Authoritarian, Authoritative, Indulgent & Neglectful.
• Adolescence: begins at puberty two years of pubescent growth spurt. Puberty: marked by sexual maturity of and implications for boys and girls
• Emerging Adulthood: period in which questions around identity can be resolved. Adulthood: Emotional and financial independence.

Stages of Development

• Period of storm and stress: conflict mood , and risky behaviours
• Morale self interest determines what is right and wrong

Moral Stages of Conventional Level

• Is when Society (social approval) dictates what is right and wrong.
• Post-conventional when one recognizes agreed human rights
• Identity Formation: what needs to be resolved: Acquire self-certainty, self-esteem; Develop comfortable sexual identity; Make plans for future career: Where am I going in life? Differentiate between legitimate and arbitrary authority; Make an ideological commitment (find set of values)
• Identity Achievement is having sense of self, after having considered alternatives
• Identity Foreclosure premature adoption of values and roles based.
• Identity Moratorium is active in the sense of identity.
• Erikson's stage: Survey shows spouses are best friends & laugh together
• Midlife is the best years with increased well being (cognitive stimulation & good sleep)
• Old age has integrity vs. despair (heredity & exercise)
• Everyone shows own special blends by way of behavioral consistent traits.
• Flexibility benefits,

Psychodynamic Perspective

• Freud: first comprehensive theory of early personality
• Id (sexual satisfaction), Ego (how to balance id and superego) & Superego (morality).
• Personality vary by stage.
• Oral (dependent). Anal rigorous) & Phallic (women flirting) Latency & genital (interactions).

Humanistic Perspective

• Rogers: tendency towards growth and self-actualization (fully functioning)

Biological Perspective

• Temperaments: shape personality.
• Activity level, Emotionality, tendency.
• Model includes Neuroticism, Conscientioueness and more.

Evolutionary Significance

• Big Five has evolutionary signifiance as in is that person reliable?
• Health Psychology is concerned with role factors of illness.
• Canadians major killers are stroke and more,

Stress

• Is the physical response to percieved threat from Stressors.
• Factors more harmful are unpredictability.
• Appraisal is am i ok?
• Coping is how to deal with stress,
• Physical illnesses aggravated by stress include heart diseases.
• Type A is toxic while type B isnt.
• Promoting health needs Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes in diet, exercise, support and more.

Test your knowledge of motivation and emotion. Questions cover Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need for affiliation, achievement drive, and the regulation of hunger and eating behavior. Explore brain structures, fulfillment components, motivational categories, and Rogers' humanistic perspective.