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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the root system in a flowering plant?
What is the primary function of the root system in a flowering plant?
What type of stem is characteristic of plants that do not have a woody stem?
What type of stem is characteristic of plants that do not have a woody stem?
What is the term for the arrangement of veins in a leaf?
What is the term for the arrangement of veins in a leaf?
What is the term for a leaf that is divided into leaflets?
What is the term for a leaf that is divided into leaflets?
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What is the term for the arrangement of flowers on a stem?
What is the term for the arrangement of flowers on a stem?
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What are the four whorls of a complete flower?
What are the four whorls of a complete flower?
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What is the term for a fruit that develops from multiple ovaries in a single flower?
What is the term for a fruit that develops from multiple ovaries in a single flower?
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What is the term for the nutrient-rich tissue in a seed?
What is the term for the nutrient-rich tissue in a seed?
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Study Notes
Morphology of Flowering Plants
Root System
- Consists of primary root (taproot) and secondary roots (lateral roots)
- Functions: anchorage, absorption of water and nutrients, storage of food
- Types of root systems:
- Taproot system (e.g., carrots, beets)
- Fibrous root system (e.g., grasses, wheat)
Stem
- Functions: support, transport of water and nutrients, storage of food
- Types of stems:
- Herbaceous stems (non-woody, die back in winter)
- Woody stems (permanent, grow in diameter)
- Stem modifications:
- Thorns (e.g., roses, cacti)
- Tendrils (e.g., peas, grapes)
- Underground stems (e.g., potatoes, rhizomes)
Leaf
- Functions: photosynthesis, transpiration
- Leaf structure:
- Blade (lamina)
- Petiole (stalk)
- Venation: arrangement of veins
- Types of leaves:
- Simple leaves (e.g., maple)
- Compound leaves (e.g., walnut, horse chestnut)
- Leaf modifications:
- Spines (e.g., cacti)
- Bracts (e.g., poinsettia)
Inflorescence and Flowers
- Inflorescence: arrangement of flowers on a stem
- Types of inflorescences:
- Raceme (e.g., lily of the valley)
- Corymb (e.g., cauliflower)
- Umbel (e.g., carrots)
- Flower structure:
- Sepals (calyx)
- Petals (corolla)
- Stamens (androecium)
- Carpels (gynoecium)
- Types of flowers:
- Complete flowers (have all four whorls)
- Incomplete flowers (lack one or more whorls)
Fruit and Seed
- Fruit: mature ovary, containing seeds
- Types of fruits:
- Simple fruits (e.g., banana)
- Aggregate fruits (e.g., raspberry)
- Composite fruits (e.g., pineapple)
- Seed structure:
- Embryo ( Cotyledon, hypocotyl, radicle)
- Endosperm (nutrient-rich tissue)
- Seed coat
Morphology of Flowering Plants
Root System
- Primary root (taproot) and secondary roots (lateral roots) make up the root system
- Functions: anchorage, absorption of water and nutrients, and storage of food
- Taproot system examples: carrots, beets
- Fibrous root system examples: grasses, wheat
Stem
- Functions: support, transport of water and nutrients, and storage of food
- Herbaceous stems are non-woody and die back in winter
- Woody stems are permanent and grow in diameter
- Stem modifications: thorns (e.g., roses, cacti), tendrils (e.g., peas, grapes), and underground stems (e.g., potatoes, rhizomes)
Leaf
- Functions: photosynthesis and transpiration
- Leaf structure consists of: blade (lamina), petiole (stalk), and venation (arrangement of veins)
- Simple leaves: single blade, e.g., maple
- Compound leaves: multiple blades, e.g., walnut, horse chestnut
- Leaf modifications: spines (e.g., cacti), bracts (e.g., poinsettia)
Inflorescence and Flowers
- Inflorescence: arrangement of flowers on a stem
- Raceme: flowers on a stem, e.g., lily of the valley
- Corymb: flowers on a stem, e.g., cauliflower
- Umbel: flowers on a stem, e.g., carrots
- Flower structure: sepals (calyx), petals (corolla), stamens (androecium), and carpels (gynoecium)
- Complete flowers: have all four whorls
- Incomplete flowers: lack one or more whorls
Fruit and Seed
- Fruit: mature ovary containing seeds
- Simple fruits: single ovary, e.g., banana
- Aggregate fruits: multiple ovaries, e.g., raspberry
- Composite fruits: multiple ovaries and flowers, e.g., pineapple
- Seed structure: embryo (cotyledon, hypocotyl, radicle), endosperm (nutrient-rich tissue), and seed coat
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Description
Explore the structure and functions of roots and stems in flowering plants, including types of root systems and stem types.
