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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes the dorsal surface of an earthworm's body?
What structure connects the mouth to the oesophagus?
What is the function of the prostomium in an earthworm?
Which organ is responsible for storing bile?
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How many major body regions are there in an earthworm?
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What is the role of bile in digestion?
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What role do setae play in the movement of an earthworm?
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Which segment of the earthworm contains the mouth?
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Where does the final digestion of food occur in frogs?
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Where are the clitellum and its associated segments found on an earthworm?
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What is chyme?
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What is embedded in the epidermal pits in each body segment (except the first, last, and clitellum)?
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Which respiratory process occurs on land in frogs?
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What type of muscle layers are present in the earthworm's body wall?
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How does a frog exchange dissolved oxygen in water?
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What type of secretion does the pancreas produce?
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What type of eyes do frogs possess?
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Which organ in frogs is responsible for hearing?
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How many ova can a mature female frog lay at a time?
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What is the primary function of the cloaca in frogs?
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Where are the male reproductive organs located in frogs?
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What is the process of fertilization in frogs?
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What is the larval stage of frogs called?
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Which reproductive structure opens into the cloaca in female frogs?
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What role do frogs play in agriculture?
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What is the primary purpose of epithelial tissue?
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Which type of connective tissue serves as a reservoir of stored energy?
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What type of muscle is responsible for involuntary movements in internal organs?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of an earthworm's body organization?
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Which tissue consists of neurons as its basic unit?
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What is the function of setae in earthworms?
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Where are the female genital pores located in Pheretima posthuma (earthworm)?
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What substance do Malpighian tubules convert nitrogenous waste products into for excretion?
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How many ganglia are present in the thorax of a cockroach's nervous system?
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What type of vision do cockroaches possess due to their compound eyes?
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What is the primary role of the fat body in a cockroach?
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What anatomical feature allows cockroaches to live for a week after decapitation?
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Which of the following structures is NOT part of a cockroach's sense organs?
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What is located ventral to the anus in the male reproductive system of a cockroach?
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What type of excretion is characteristic of cockroaches?
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Study Notes
Morphology of Earthworms
- Earthworms have a long cylindrical body divided into approximately 100-120 segments, known as metameres.
- Dorsal surface features a prominent dark median line, while the ventral surface has genital openings.
- Anterior end includes the mouth and the prostomium, which serves sensory functions and helps the worm burrow.
- The first segment, called the peristomium, houses the mouth.
- Clitellum, a glandular tissue band, covers segments 14-16 and aids in reproduction.
- Body divided into three regions: preclitellar, clitellar, and postclitellar segments.
- Four pairs of spermathecal apertures are found on the ventro-lateral side of segments 5-9.
- A single female genital pore is located on the mid-ventral line of segment 14, while male genital pores are found on segment 18.
- Numerous nephridiopores, for excretion, are located on the body surface.
- Setal rows (S-shaped structures) are present in most segments for locomotion, allowing extension or retraction.
Anatomy of Earthworms
- The external body wall is covered by a thin non-cellular cuticle; beneath it lies the epidermis with secretory gland cells.
- Muscle layers include circular and longitudinal muscles, enclosing the coelomic epithelium.
- Circulatory system of cockroaches is open, with gas exchange occurring at tracheoles through diffusion.
- Excretion in cockroaches involves Malpighian tubules that produce uric acid from nitrogenous waste.
- Cockroach nervous system consists of fused, segmentally arranged ganglia connected by longitudinal nerve cords, with three thoracic and six abdominal ganglia.
- Cockroach compound eyes provide a mosaic vision through 2000 hexagonal ommatidia, optimizing nocturnal sensitivity.
- Males possess testes in abdominal segments 4-6, with a complex reproductive system including an ejaculatory duct.
- Female reproductive system features ovaries near kidneys, oviducts leading to cloaca, and can lay 2500-3000 eggs externally fertilized in water.
Frog Anatomy and Physiology
- Frogs breathe both through skin (cutaneous respiration) in water and lungs (pulmonary respiration) on land.
- Digestive system includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, rectum, and cloaca; liver secretes bile and pancreas releases digestive enzymes.
- Digestion begins with gastric juices, while bile emulsifies fats and further digestion occurs in the intestine.
- Nutrient absorption is aided by villi and microvilli in the intestinal lining.
- Frog sensory organs include simple eyes and tympanum (hearing), with an absence of external ears.
- Male reproductive organs are testes adhering to kidneys and communicate with a urinogenital duct through Bidder’s canal.
- Female frogs produce eggs through ovaries, with fertilization occurring externally in water and involving a larval stage (tadpole) that undergoes metamorphosis.
- Frogs play an essential ecological role by controlling insect populations and serving as food for other animals.
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Description
Explore the detailed structure of earthworms, including their segmented bodies and specialized regions. This quiz covers key features such as the clitellum, genital openings, and sensory functions of the prostomium. Test your knowledge on the anatomy of these fascinating creatures.
