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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the cell wall in plant cells?
What is the primary function of the cell wall in plant cells?
Which component of the cell wall undergoes changes that result in tissue softening?
Which component of the cell wall undergoes changes that result in tissue softening?
Which organelle is NOT a component of the cell wall structure?
Which organelle is NOT a component of the cell wall structure?
What happens as a fruit ripens in relation to its cell wall pectin?
What happens as a fruit ripens in relation to its cell wall pectin?
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What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in plant cells?
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in plant cells?
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Which group of polysaccharides is part of the components of the cell wall?
Which group of polysaccharides is part of the components of the cell wall?
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Which organelle is known as the 'powerhouse of the cells'?
Which organelle is known as the 'powerhouse of the cells'?
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What is the primary function of stomata in plants?
What is the primary function of stomata in plants?
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Which part of the cell primarily maintains cell turgor by accumulating salts?
Which part of the cell primarily maintains cell turgor by accumulating salts?
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What is the main component of the cuticular membrane that resists water loss?
What is the main component of the cuticular membrane that resists water loss?
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Which tissue type fills out the three-dimensional bulk of the plant?
Which tissue type fills out the three-dimensional bulk of the plant?
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What is the role of lenticels in plants?
What is the role of lenticels in plants?
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Study Notes
Morphology and Morpho-anatomy
- Morphology is the study of the physical form and structure of organs
- Morpho-anatomy studies the visible and microscopic parts of commodities
Cell Structure
- A cell consists of: • Cell wall • Cytoplasm • Organelles (plastids, mitochondria, vacuole)
- Cell wall components: • Cellulose (most abundant fibrillar component) • Hemicellulose (heterogenous group of polysaccharides) • Pectin (diverse group of hydrophilic, gel-forming polysaccharides)
- Changes in cell wall composition and structure affect fruit and vegetable texture
- Excessive degradation of the structure reduces postharvest life and enhances decay organisms
Plasma Membrane
- Outer fluid boundary of the living cytoplasm
- Selective barrier that allows entry of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
- Consists of a phospholipid bilayer
Cytoplasm
- Contains proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, nucleic acids, and other water-soluble substances
- Cytosol: semi-fluid substance filling the interior of the cell and embedding other organelles and subcellular compartments
Mitochondria
- Site of cellular respiration that uses oxygen to produce ATP from sugars, fats, and other fuel sources
- "Powerhouse of the cells"
Plastids
- Cell organelles that only occur in plant cells
- Descended from proplastids in egg cells, becoming various types of plastids (e.g., chloroplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts)
Vacuoles
- Occupies 95% of the cell volume, surrounded by a membrane (tonoplast)
- Increase in cell volume is primarily due to enlargement of vacuoles
- Maintain cell turgor by accumulating salts from organic and inorganic acids
Dermal Tissue/Dermal System
- Outer protective layer of the plant, composed of: • Epidermis (tight arrangement of epidermal cells with points of interruption for gas and moisture exchange) • Hypodermis (layer below epidermal cells, where oil cells of citrus are found) • Cuticular membrane (extracellular composite structure with cutin and wax, resisting water loss and pathogen invasion) • Trichomes (single-celled or multicellular appendages on stems and fruits, preventing water loss) • Stomata (opening in epidermis of leaves, fruits, and stems, regulating gas exchange and transpiration) • Lenticels (pores that are always open, permitting oxygen entry and carbon dioxide and water vapor output)
Ground Tissues
- Fill out the three-dimensional bulk of the plant
- Types of ground tissues: • Parenchyma (thin and flexible primary walls; storage site for starches, proteins, oils, etc.) • Collenchyma (elongated cells with thick walls; provide support to elongated stems) • Sclerenchyma (thickened lignified walls; provide permanent support and aid in conduction of water as in xylem)
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Description
Explore the physical form and structure of plant cells, including the study of cell walls, cytoplasm, organelles like plastids and mitochondria, and their anatomical features. Learn about the components of cell walls such as cellulose and hemicellulose.
