Podcast
Questions and Answers
Moral theories provide frameworks for understanding what is right and ______.
Moral theories provide frameworks for understanding what is right and ______.
wrong
Consequentialism focuses on the ______ of actions.
Consequentialism focuses on the ______ of actions.
outcomes
Utilitarianism is a type of ______, where the right action brings the most happiness to the most people.
Utilitarianism is a type of ______, where the right action brings the most happiness to the most people.
consequentialism
Act consequentialism considers each individual ______ and its consequences.
Act consequentialism considers each individual ______ and its consequences.
Rule consequentialism examines whether following specific ______ leads to the best outcomes.
Rule consequentialism examines whether following specific ______ leads to the best outcomes.
Deontology emphasizes the inherent rightness or wrongness of ______, regardless of outcomes.
Deontology emphasizes the inherent rightness or wrongness of ______, regardless of outcomes.
Deontologists believe we have moral ______ like telling the truth.
Deontologists believe we have moral ______ like telling the truth.
The categorical imperative, a concept by Immanuel Kant, suggests that we should act in ways that we believe everyone should ______.
The categorical imperative, a concept by Immanuel Kant, suggests that we should act in ways that we believe everyone should ______.
The most influential ______ is Immanuel Kant.
The most influential ______ is Immanuel Kant.
Kant believed in the importance of ______ and moral law.
Kant believed in the importance of ______ and moral law.
Virtue ethics focuses on the ______ of the moral agent.
Virtue ethics focuses on the ______ of the moral agent.
Virtue ethics argues that ethical behavior comes from being a good ______.
Virtue ethics argues that ethical behavior comes from being a good ______.
Aristotle proposed the concept of the "______ mean."
Aristotle proposed the concept of the "______ mean."
Each ______ provides a unique perspective on morality, focusing on different aspects of ethical decision-making.
Each ______ provides a unique perspective on morality, focusing on different aspects of ethical decision-making.
Aristotle emphasized the importance of developing good character traits to achieve ______.
Aristotle emphasized the importance of developing good character traits to achieve ______.
By recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, you can become more proficient in understanding what it means to act ______.
By recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, you can become more proficient in understanding what it means to act ______.
Consequentialism focuses on ______ and consequences.
Consequentialism focuses on ______ and consequences.
Deontology focuses on ______ and rules.
Deontology focuses on ______ and rules.
Justice is a fundamental concept in ______ and moral philosophy.
Justice is a fundamental concept in ______ and moral philosophy.
It refers to the principle of fairness and the notion that individuals should be treated equally and with ______.
It refers to the principle of fairness and the notion that individuals should be treated equally and with ______.
Throughout history, various philosophers and thinkers have debated the meaning of justice, its significance, and how it applies to social ______.
Throughout history, various philosophers and thinkers have debated the meaning of justice, its significance, and how it applies to social ______.
Justice is essential to maintain social order and ensure that individuals have their rights recognized and ______.
Justice is essential to maintain social order and ensure that individuals have their rights recognized and ______.
It promotes ______, discourages wrongdoing, and promotes trust among members of society.
It promotes ______, discourages wrongdoing, and promotes trust among members of society.
______ Justice – It deals with punishment for wrongdoing.
______ Justice – It deals with punishment for wrongdoing.
Social justice emphasizes the need for ______ and fair treatment for all individuals.
Social justice emphasizes the need for ______ and fair treatment for all individuals.
Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every ______ in the world.
Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every ______ in the world.
Understanding human rights is essential for everyone, as they form the foundation for a ______ and peaceful society.
Understanding human rights is essential for everyone, as they form the foundation for a ______ and peaceful society.
The right to ______ and security includes freedom from arbitrary arrest or detention.
The right to ______ and security includes freedom from arbitrary arrest or detention.
Access to ______ is a basic right for all individuals.
Access to ______ is a basic right for all individuals.
The right to gain employment and receive fair ______ for one's labor is a fundamental human right.
The right to gain employment and receive fair ______ for one's labor is a fundamental human right.
The right to gather peacefully and form ______ is essential for a democratic society.
The right to gather peacefully and form ______ is essential for a democratic society.
The right to a public hearing, a fair and impartial ______, and legal representation is a cornerstone of a just legal system.
The right to a public hearing, a fair and impartial ______, and legal representation is a cornerstone of a just legal system.
Flashcards
Moral Theories
Moral Theories
Frameworks that guide decisions about right and wrong.
Consequentialism
Consequentialism
The morality of actions depends on their consequences.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism
A type of consequentialism maximizing happiness for most people.
Act Consequentialism
Act Consequentialism
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Rule Consequentialism
Rule Consequentialism
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Deontology
Deontology
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Categorical Imperative
Categorical Imperative
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Duty-Based Ethics
Duty-Based Ethics
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant
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Virtue Ethics
Virtue Ethics
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Golden Mean
Golden Mean
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Aristotle
Aristotle
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Key Question of Deontology
Key Question of Deontology
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Example of Virtue Ethics
Example of Virtue Ethics
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Ethical Theories
Ethical Theories
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Justice
Justice
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Importance of Justice
Importance of Justice
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Distributive Justice
Distributive Justice
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Retributive Justice
Retributive Justice
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Restorative Justice
Restorative Justice
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Social Order
Social Order
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Accountability
Accountability
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Well-being
Well-being
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Dignity
Dignity
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Social Justice
Social Justice
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Human Rights
Human Rights
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Right to Life
Right to Life
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Right to Liberty and Security
Right to Liberty and Security
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Right to Equality Before the Law
Right to Equality Before the Law
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Freedom of Expression
Freedom of Expression
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Right to Education
Right to Education
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Right to a Fair Trial
Right to a Fair Trial
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Study Notes
Moral Theories and Justice
- Moral theories provide frameworks for understanding right and wrong, guiding ethical decision-making.
- Three major theories are consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics.
Consequentialism
- Consequentialism evaluates actions based on their outcomes or consequences.
- A right action leads to good results.
- Utilitarianism is a type of consequentialism. It argues the best action maximizes happiness for the most people.
Act Consequentialism
- Evaluates each individual action based on its happiness outcome.
- Example: Lying is acceptable if it benefits more people.
Rule Consequentialism
- Evaluates actions based on rules leading to the best outcomes across many instances.
- Example: "Don't lie" is a good rule if it fosters trust and happiness in society.
Key Thinkers (Consequentialism)
- Jeremy Bentham: Founder of utilitarianism; actions are right when they promote happiness, wrong when causing pain.
- John Stuart Mill: Follower of Bentham; some pleasures (intellectual) are more valuable than others (physical).
Deontology
- Deontology asserts that actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of their consequences.
- Focuses on duties and rules that must be followed.
- Key aspect is duty-based ethics.
Key Feature (Deontology)
- Categorical imperative (Immanuel Kant): Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. Only do what you would want everyone else to do.
- Example: Lying is always wrong; even if lying could prevent harm.
Virtue Ethics
- Focuses on the character of the moral agent, emphasizing virtues (good character traits).
- Ethical behavior arises from developing good character traits, enabling individuals to live ethically.
- Aristotle: proposed virtue lies between two extremes; excess and deficiency (golden mean).
- Courage is the mean between recklessness and cowardice.
Comparing the Theories
Feature | Consequentialism | Deontology | Virtue Ethics |
---|---|---|---|
Focus | Outcomes/Consequences | Duties/Rules | Character/Virtues |
Key Question | What will result in the greatest happiness? | What are my moral duties? | What kind of person should I be? |
Main Proponents | Bentham, Mill | Kant | Aristotle |
Example of Action | Lying to produce a better outcome | Lying is inherently wrong | Acting bravely in a challenging situation |
The Concept of Justice and Human Rights
- Justice: Fairness and treating individuals with respect, important for social order.
- Key components: distributive, retributive, restorative, and social justice.
Distributive Justice
- Fair distribution of resources and benefits.
Retributive Justice
- Punishment for wrongdoing.
Restorative Justice
- Repairing harm caused by criminal actions, with input from victims and the community.
Social Justice
- Equality and fair treatment for all individuals, particularly marginalized groups.
Human Rights
- Basic rights and freedoms belonging to every person.
- Foundational for a just and peaceful society.
- Examples include: right to life, liberty, security, equality, expression, privacy, education, fair wages, participation in government, and fair trial.
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