Podcast
Questions and Answers
At what age do children typically start to think about respect for power and punishment?
At what age do children typically start to think about respect for power and punishment?
- 16 years and older
- 5-10 years
- 1-5 years (correct)
- 8-16 years
What two distinct types of human excellences does Aristotle identify?
What two distinct types of human excellences does Aristotle identify?
- Excellences of thought and moral virtue
- Excellences of thought and character (correct)
- Excellences of action and thought
- Excellences of virtue and morality
Stage 2 is characterized by children being considerate of others' rights.
Stage 2 is characterized by children being considerate of others' rights.
False (B)
Kohlberg's stages of moral development include a stage focused on avoiding punishment.
Kohlberg's stages of moral development include a stage focused on avoiding punishment.
What stage involves individuals deciding on basic moral principles to guide their life?
What stage involves individuals deciding on basic moral principles to guide their life?
In Stage 3, individuals focus on being a 'Good Boy' or 'Nice Girl' to please __________.
In Stage 3, individuals focus on being a 'Good Boy' or 'Nice Girl' to please __________.
Who further developed the theory of moral development based on Piaget's work?
Who further developed the theory of moral development based on Piaget's work?
Aristotle's phrase for moral character is often translated as 'moral ________'.
Aristotle's phrase for moral character is often translated as 'moral ________'.
Match the stages with their key characteristics:
Match the stages with their key characteristics:
In which stage do individuals begin to internalize society's rules?
In which stage do individuals begin to internalize society's rules?
Match each stage of Kohlberg's moral development with its description:
Match each stage of Kohlberg's moral development with its description:
What does Stage 4 of Kohlberg's theory emphasize?
What does Stage 4 of Kohlberg's theory emphasize?
Stage 5 is primarily concerned with self-interest.
Stage 5 is primarily concerned with self-interest.
What is the primary focus of Stage 5?
What is the primary focus of Stage 5?
The term 'êthikos' refers to the excellences of thought.
The term 'êthikos' refers to the excellences of thought.
In Stage 2 of Kohlberg's moral development, what determines right and wrong?
In Stage 2 of Kohlberg's moral development, what determines right and wrong?
Individuals in Stage 6 experience social control through __________ associated with conscience.
Individuals in Stage 6 experience social control through __________ associated with conscience.
Which stage represents a shift from self-focused to considering others' needs?
Which stage represents a shift from self-focused to considering others' needs?
A quality of character that is a tendency to act in a specified way is known as a ________.
A quality of character that is a tendency to act in a specified way is known as a ________.
Which of the following is NOT a stage in Kohlberg's moral development?
Which of the following is NOT a stage in Kohlberg's moral development?
Study Notes
Moral Character and Virtues
- The term "character" originates from the Greek word 'charakter'.
- Aristotle, in Book II of the Nicomachean Ethics, distinguishes between two human excellences: excellences of thought and excellences of character.
- Excellences of character are referred to as "moral virtues" or "moral excellences."
- The Greek word 'êthikos' (ethical) derives from 'êthos' (character), linking ethics to personal character.
The Circular Relation of Acts and Character
- Defining which acts deserve moral praise or blame is challenging, according to Aristotle.
Moral Characters as Dispositions
- Dispositions are qualities of character that include habits, preparations, and tendencies to act in specific ways, which can be learned.
Six Stages of Moral Development
- Developed by Lawrence Kohlberg, building on Jean Piaget’s earlier work.
- Kohlberg utilized moral dilemmas in storytelling to illustrate stages of moral reasoning.
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
-
Preconventional Level
- Stage 1: Avoiding punishment; right and wrong based on consequences.
- Stage 2: Aiming for rewards; decisions driven by self-interest.
-
Conventional Level
- Stage 3: Good Boy and Good Girl attitude; morality tied to approval from others.
- Stage 4: Loyalty to law and order; adherence to rules and duties.
-
Postconventional Level
- Stage 5: Justice and spirit of the law; laws viewed as social contracts, accommodating differing opinions.
- Stage 6: Universal principles and ethics; moral actions based on conscience, potentially at odds with societal norms.
Getting to the Highest Level, Conscience-Based Moral Decisions
- Stage 1: Young children are motivated by a desire to avoid punishment.
- Stage 2: Children focus on self-interest, serving their needs for mutual benefit.
- Stage 3: Adolescents shift to pleasing significant others, prioritizing others' views.
- Stage 4: Most individuals internalize societal rules around age 16 and older, adhering to law and order.
- Stage 5: Understanding justice and the moral purposes behind laws supports democratic values.
- Stage 6: Individuals establish personal moral principles, ensuring fairness in relationships while grappling with guilt and conscience.
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Description
Explore the concepts of moral character and virtues as discussed in Book II of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. Delve into the distinctions between excellences of thought and character, and understand the Greek roots of these terms. This quiz will challenge your understanding of ethical virtues as defined by one of philosophy's greatest thinkers.
