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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's moral reasoning study?
At what age does preconventional morality typically last until?
Which describes the reasoning behind moral decisions at the preconventional level?
What distinguishes conventional morality from the other levels?
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How many distinct levels of moral reasoning did Kohlberg identify?
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Which statement accurately describes postconventional morality?
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What is a key characteristic of the conventional level of moral reasoning?
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Which level of moral reasoning emphasizes authority being outside the individual?
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What is a moral argument characterized by?
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Which of the following is NOT a level of moral reasoning identified by Kohlberg?
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In Kohlberg's theory, which aspect is considered a greater indication of moral development?
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Which element is necessary for a valid moral argument?
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Which moral dilemma did Kohlberg use to illustrate his theory?
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How many stages does Kohlberg propose within each level of moral reasoning?
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What type of claim serves as a connecting factor between fact and value in a moral argument?
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What does a moral statement assert?
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What is a characteristic of individuals at Kohlberg's post-conventional morality stages?
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What did Carol Gilligan criticize about Kohlberg's moral development theory?
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What percentage of people are capable of the abstract thinking required for stages 5 and 6 in Kohlberg's model?
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Which of the following values is emphasized primarily in Kohlberg's moral reasoning framework?
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What is one of the critical weaknesses of Kohlberg's theory concerning gender?
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What type of reasoning do most people typically rely on for their moral views according to Kohlberg?
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Which of the following is a potential consequence of adhering to post-conventional morality?
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What is one critique related to cultural differences in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
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Study Notes
Moral Arguments
- A moral argument concludes with a moral statement that claims an action is right or wrong.
- A moral statement asserts the goodness or badness of a person or motive.
- Components of a standard moral argument:
- At least one premise asserting a general moral principle.
- At least one premise that is a nonmoral claim.
- A conclusion that is a moral statement.
- Example of a valid moral argument:
- Premise: A human fetus has a brain wave after 25 weeks of gestation.
- Premise: A human with a brain wave is considered a person.
- Premise: Killing a person is morally wrong.
- Conclusion: Killing a fetus with a brain wave is morally wrong.
Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Reasoning
- Kohlberg identified three distinct levels of moral reasoning:
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional
- Moral reasoning changes across development, influenced by age and experience.
Methodology of Kohlberg's Research
- Utilized stories involving moral dilemmas to assess moral reasoning.
- Famous moral dilemma involves Heinz, who must choose whether to steal a drug to save his dying wife.
- Sample included 72 Chicago boys aged 10-16, with long-term follow-ups.
- Key focus: the reasoning behind moral decisions rather than the decisions themselves.
Level 1 - Preconventional Morality
- Lasts until approximately age 9.
- Moral decisions based on external standards and consequences set by adults.
- Actions are viewed as right or wrong due to potential rewards or punishments.
Level 2 - Conventional Morality
- Characterized by acceptance of social rules regarding right and wrong.
- Influenced by the moral standards of valued adult role models.
- Internalized authority; reasoning grounded in group norms.
Level 3 - Postconventional Morality
- Focuses on universal ethical principles and individual rights.
- Individuals make moral judgments based on self-chosen ethical principles.
- Only 10-15% of individuals may reach this level of moral reasoning.
Critiques of Kohlberg's Theory
- Emphasizes justice over other moral values, potentially overlooking important perspectives.
- Carol Gilligan argued Kohlberg’s theory is androcentric, implying women's moral reasoning is inferior to men's.
- Acknowledges variations in moral development rates among genders and cultures.
- Suggestions: Women often base moral dilemmas on caring relationships rather than strict justice.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of moral arguments and reasoning. This quiz delves into what constitutes a moral statement, the structure of a standard moral argument, and the significance of moral premises. Test your understanding of these concepts and their implications in ethics.
