Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to Immanuel Kant's deontological ethics, what is the basis for determining the morality of an action?
According to Immanuel Kant's deontological ethics, what is the basis for determining the morality of an action?
- The cultural norms and societal expectations surrounding the action.
- The consequences of the action and its impact on overall happiness. (correct)
- The promotion of caring relationships and emotional connections.
- Adherence to universally applicable, rational principles and duties.
Which ethical framework emphasizes the development of moral character through consistent practice of virtues, with the aim of achieving a flourishing life (eudaimonia)?
Which ethical framework emphasizes the development of moral character through consistent practice of virtues, with the aim of achieving a flourishing life (eudaimonia)?
- Ethics of care.
- Virtue ethics.
- Utilitarianism. (correct)
- Deontological ethics.
Which of the following best describes the central idea of cultural relativism?
Which of the following best describes the central idea of cultural relativism?
- Ethical actions should be grounded in duty derived from universal laws.
- Moral codes are culturally dependent and lack universal standards.
- Moral codes are universal and apply to all cultures.
- Morality is relative to individual beliefs and opinions. (correct)
How does the 'ethics of care' approach differ from traditional ethical frameworks like deontology and utilitarianism?
How does the 'ethics of care' approach differ from traditional ethical frameworks like deontology and utilitarianism?
According to John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism, What is the ultimate goal of moral action?
According to John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism, What is the ultimate goal of moral action?
James Rachels critiques Cultural Relativism by arguing for:
James Rachels critiques Cultural Relativism by arguing for:
Which concept is central to Immanuel Kant's idea of the 'categorical imperative'?
Which concept is central to Immanuel Kant's idea of the 'categorical imperative'?
According to Aristotle, what is 'eudaimonia' and how is it achieved?
According to Aristotle, what is 'eudaimonia' and how is it achieved?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates Virginia Held's 'ethics of care'?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates Virginia Held's 'ethics of care'?
How does the concept of the 'mean' relate to Aristotle's virtue ethics?
How does the concept of the 'mean' relate to Aristotle's virtue ethics?
Flashcards
Cultural Relativism
Cultural Relativism
Morality is relative to each culture and universal moral judgments don't apply.
Universalism
Universalism
Some universal moral truths exist beyond cultural practices.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism
Actions are judged by their outcomes, aiming for the greatest happiness.
Deontological Ethics
Deontological Ethics
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Virtue Ethics
Virtue Ethics
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Ethics of Care
Ethics of Care
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Ruth Benedict
Ruth Benedict
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John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant
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Aristotle
Aristotle
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Study Notes
- Philosophers are linked to arguments and concepts in ethics.
Ruth Benedict
- Known for cultural relativism, arguing that morality is relative to each culture.
James Rachels
- Critiques cultural relativism, suggesting the existence of universal moral truths.
John Stuart Mill
- Advocates utilitarianism, judging actions by their outcomes to maximize happiness for the greatest number.
- Believed morality should be measured by the amount of happiness produced.
- Actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they produce unhappiness.
Immanuel Kant
- Proposes morality based on universally applicable, rational principles that respect individuals.
- Ethical actions must be grounded in duty derived from universal laws.
- Advocated acting according to maxims that could become universal laws, treating humanity as an end.
Aristotle
- Focuses on developing virtues through habitual practice for a flourishing life (eudaimonia).
- Living well involves developing a moral character through balanced virtues.
Virginia Held
- Emphasizes caring relationships and emotions in moral reasoning.
- Ethics should prioritize maintaining and promoting caring relationships.
Key Concepts
Cultural Relativism
- Focuses on morality and societal norms.
Moral Codes
- Considers cultural diversity, universalism, ethical skepticism, and objectivity in ethics.
Utilitarianism
- Considers consequentialism, happiness, pleasure, and hedonism.
Deontological Ethics
- Centers on the categorical imperative, universality, duty, deontology, maxim, autonomy, and practical reason.
Virtue Ethics
- Centers on eudaimonia, phronesis, the mean, and teleology.
Ethics of Care
- The area of focus is relational ethics and emotions in morality.
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Description
Overview of key ethical philosophers and their core ideas. Includes Ruth Benedict, James Rachels, John Stuart Mill, Immanuel Kant, and Aristotle. Discusses cultural relativism, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics.
