Moral Accountability and Human Actions
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Questions and Answers

Which of these is NOT a positive emotion according to the text?

  • Fear (correct)
  • Love
  • Hope
  • Desire

What is an example of a situation where a person might have invincible ignorance?

A waiter serving contaminated food without knowing it.

Acting with fear and acting out of fear are the same thing.

False (B)

The phrase "Ignorance of the law excuses no one" means that one should not act in a state of ______ and cannot claim it as a defense for wrongdoing.

<p>ignorance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following examples with the corresponding modifier of human act:

<p>Serving contaminated food without knowing = Invincible Ignorance Jumping from a burning building out of fear = Acting out of fear Feeling happy in the company of a friend = Antecedent Passion Reading pornography = Consequent Passion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between antecedent and consequent passions?

<p>Antecedent passions are natural reactions, while consequent passions are aroused by an act. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Violence is only considered physical force exerted on a person.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of how passions can be controlled by reason?

<p>Reasoning that indulging in anger is not beneficial and choosing to calm down instead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for a person to maintain moral integrity when confronted by violence?

<p>Withholding consent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Poverty can justify committing crimes according to moral philosophy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'mabuting kalooban' refer to in Filipino culture?

<p>A good person with a kind heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

Habits are acquired through the repetition of an act over a period of _____ .

<p>time</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with their corresponding terms:

<p>External resistance = Active defense against aggression Internal resistance = Withholding consent Poverty = Social evil needing correction Emotions = Involves feelings in human acts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following emotions is considered a positive tendency?

<p>Kindness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Uncontrolled emotions can lead to positive outcomes in moral situations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Decalogue encourages us to love God with all our _____ and with all our soul.

<p>heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of moral accountability for human acts?

<p>Deserving either reward or punishment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The penal laws of the country impose sanctions only for immoral acts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of ignorance mentioned?

<p>Vincible and invincible</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person's actions are judged based on their __________ and will.

<p>intellect</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a modifier of human acts?

<p>Distraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Vincible Ignorance = Ignorance that can be overcome Invincible Ignorance = Ignorance that cannot be overcome Moral Accountability = Being responsible for actions Sanctions = Penalties for wrongdoings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Immoral acts are automatically punishable by law.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary age when a person is expected to know general norms of proper conduct?

<p>Seven years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Moral Acts

Actions that are freely chosen and therefore subject to judgment and consequences.

Moral Accountability

The degree to which someone is responsible for their actions. It's higher when we understand what we're doing and have freedom to choose.

Modifiers of Human Act

Factors that affect our ability to think clearly and act freely, influencing our accountability for actions.

Ignorance

The lack of knowledge that a person SHOULD have.

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Vincible Ignorance

Ignorance that could be overcome with a little effort.

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Invincible Ignorance

Ignorance that cannot be overcome, even with reasonable effort.

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Legal Sanctions

The punishments for wrongdoings, imposed by the law.

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Moral Consequences

The internal sense of guilt, remorse, and shame experienced after committing a wrongdoing.

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Passions

Strong emotions or feelings that can influence our actions. They can be positive (love, joy) or negative (fear, anger).

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Antecedent Passion

A passion that arises naturally without conscious effort. It's an instinctive reaction to an object or situation.

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Consequent Passion

A passion that is deliberately aroused by an action. It's a conscious choice to experience the emotion.

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Fear

The feeling of unease or distress caused by a perceived threat or danger.

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Acting with Fear

Actions performed despite fear, where fear is present but not the primary motivator.

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Acting out of Fear

Actions directly caused by fear, where fear is the driving force behind the behavior.

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Internal Resistance

In situations where resistance is impossible or life-threatening, refusing to cooperate with an aggressor through internal resistance preserves one's moral integrity.

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Habits

Actions repeatedly performed over time become ingrained habits, influencing behavior with minimal conscious thought.

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Poverty and Crime

Poverty doesn't excuse crime, but there's a connection between poverty and criminal behavior. Poverty is a social issue demanding state intervention.

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Action and Emotion

Every human action is infused with emotion, whether it be love, fear, joy, or sadness. Emotions are natural and influence how we interact with the world.

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Refinement of Emotions

Strong emotions, if unchecked, can lead to destructive outcomes. One must learn to control and utilize emotions effectively for personal growth.

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Positive and Negative Emotions

Moral perfection involves a balance of positive emotions like love, kindness, and respect, along with the ability to reject evil and wrongdoing.

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Mabuting Kalooban

A morally good person is characterized by compassion, helpfulness, and a sense of responsibility towards others and a respect for God.

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Loving God

The Decalogue, a set of ethical guidelines, emphasizes the importance of loving God fully and unconditionally.

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Study Notes

Moral Accountability

  • Human actions, being voluntary, are accountable. Actions are judged by their cause and merit reward or punishment.
  • The subject of a human act is anyone capable of intelligent and free action. Such a person is either guilty or innocent, deserving or undeserving of punishment.
  • Legal systems impose sanctions and penalties for wrongdoings, ranging from fines to imprisonment, and even capital punishment for serious crimes ("heinous crimes").
  • Immoral acts, beyond any legal consequences, carry guilt, remorse, and shame. Scriptures associate death (physical and spiritual) with sin.

Modifiers of Human Act

  • A voluntary act is controlled by a person's intellect and will.
  • Factors can influence intellect and will, reducing or increasing accountability. The greater the knowledge and freedom, the greater the voluntariness and accountability.
  • Modifiers affecting accountability include:
    • Ignorance: The absence of knowledge a person should possess. Vincible ignorance can be corrected; invincible ignorance cannot.
    • Passions: Emotional tendencies toward desirable or undesirable objects. Positive passions (love, desire) or negative passions (hatred, fear).
    • Fear: Disturbance of the mind when confronted by danger to oneself or loved ones. Acting with fear is different from acting out of fear.
    • Violence: Physical force exerted to compel someone to act against their will. Active resistance is needed against unjust aggressors, but internal resistance (withholding consent) can suffice if resistance is impossible.
    • Habit: Readiness to act in a certain manner, formed by repetition. These are either good or bad, and hard to overcome.

Poverty and Ethics

  • Poverty is not an excuse for crime, just as wealth doesn't justify abuse.
  • There is a correlation between poverty and crime, as impoverished people may be less inclined to consider moral implications of their actions.
  • Poverty is a social issue that should be addressed by the State to ensure the welfare and economic needs of the people are met.

Action and Emotion

  • Human acts are not robotic; they involve emotions.
  • Thus, humans pray, work, play, and live with emotional engagement.
  • Emotions are natural and beneficial. Positive emotions (love, kindness) approve good, while negative emotions (anger, hatred) disapprove evil.

Refinement of Emotions

  • Emotions must be tempered by reason (to avoid their detrimental impact)
  • Filipinos recognize a good person's strong moral character or "mabuting kalooban" that includes love, kindness and religiosity.

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Description

Explore the concepts of moral accountability, human actions, and the modifiers that affect our judgments of right and wrong. This quiz delves into the voluntary nature of actions and how various factors influence a person's accountability. Test your understanding of the legal and moral implications associated with human behavior.

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