Moods and Emotions: Key Differences

Theme 1: Attitudes and Emotions

Moods, Emotions, and Traits

• Moods last longer than emotions, ranging from hours to days, whereas emotions are brief, lasting seconds to minutes.
• If an emotion lasts for hours, it's a series of recurring episodes, and moods lasting for weeks indicate an affective disorder.
• "Irritable" can denote a lasting mood or brief anger, illustrating lexical distinction.
• Moods may lower emotion thresholds; an irritable mood makes anger more likely.
• Emotions during a mood are more intense, less controlled, and decay slower, illustrating modulation.
• Moods lack unique facial expressions, unlike many emotions.
• Emotions are triggered by specific events, moods by multiple causes, affecting triggers.
• Emotions have a focus, whereas moods do not, representing intentionality.

On Moods, Emotions, and Related Affective Constructs

• Emotions modulate action, while moods modulate cognition, differing in functional account.
• Moods provide a continuous affective background; emotions occur against this, influencing each other.
• Emotions appear quickly without warning, but moods take longer and can accumulate.
• Emotions lead to moods, and moods alter emotional triggers, intertwining the two.

On Temperament and Affective Style

• Affective style encompasses individual reactivity to emotional events and is trait-like through consistency; moods are not affective styles.
• Nervous system patterns show individual affective style consistency; asymmetric anterior cortical activation reflects reflectivity.
• Temperament, influenced by genetics, leads to emotional reactivity biases.
• Temperament and affective style are mediated by similar circuitry and can persist due to nervous system differences and learning impact

Parsing the Emotional Domain From a Developmental Perspective

• Temperamental traits show individual variations in emotion experience and expression like temperamental traits.
• A functionalist views emotions as interpersonal, stemming from the self's relation to others/world.
• A structuralist perspective sees emotion as feeling with associated action tendency.
• Key expectations of personality traits are cross-situational consistency and temporal stability.
• Emotional reactions are evident before mood states develop and behavioral indicators of temperament adjust as the child ages.

Varieties of Affect: Emotions and Episodes, Moods, and Sentiments

• Emotions involve subject and object; one is angry at someone, indicating intentional states.
• Cause and object can differ; insult causes anger at antagonist.
• Affective states may lack object/cause awareness, like moods and intentional states do, which are non-intentional.
• Emotions appear as quickly occurring, while moods follow slower events or accumulation, representing the nature. and they can elicit each other reciprocally.
• Emotions link to appraisal, action readiness, and physiology, while moods lack focus on these elements, so they have a different analysis.

Emotion Episodes

• Emotion duration is uncorrelated to intentionality.
• Emotional events lead to emotional episodes of an hour or more.
• Intensity fluctuates over the episode duration and types of emotions may alternate.
• Episodes form unbroken engagements with phases; acute include motor readiness, and less include feelings, while the individual focus shifts back and fourth

Consequences of Emotions and Moods

• Moods yield thresholds changes and judgements that are non-specific while emotions changes that are more specific.
• Moods and emotions are memory nodes relating current state to past events, according to the network theory

Sentiments

• Sentiments/emotional attitudes explain affective tendencies of individuals with similar response modes.
• Learned sentiments may stem from experience/social learning, or have innate basis related to responses.
• Sentiments relate to ways of treating an object versus emotion.
• Sentiments involve cognitive schemas, emotions follow on consciously reflecting emotion.

Personality Dispositions

• Emotional personality dispositions, like anxiousness, indicate low thresholds for relevant emotional patterns.
• Personality traits link to temporal stability and innate basis of emotions.

Emotions, Moods, Traits, and Temperaments: Conceptual Distinctions and Empirical Findings

• An emotion organizes responses to organism-relevant events, featuring expression, autonomic changes, and feeling states, like a holistic snapshot.
• Waking consciousness shows a stream of affect, transitioning between milder emotions like annoyance, and it may involve mixed states like nostalgia.
• A structural way to think about approach is to divide it in two factors of mood, as it has two broad mood factors which can result in high or low range of positive and regative effects for both the organism

Trait affect

• Trait affect/emotional traits are individual differences in tendency to experience mood, an individual approach that determines a persons responses to an environment.
• NA and PA have strong dispositional components; showing stability and life-situation consistency.
• Temperament implies inheritable early differences, while trait origins are varied.
• Temperament is overarching; NA links to Neuroticism, PA to Extraversion, both being heritable.

The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology: The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions

• Positive affect facilitates approach behavior, promoting engagement and adaptive activities.
• Positivity offset explains the frequent experience of mild positive affect, prompting exploration.
• Specific and narrow action tendency with positive emotions such as joy has been troublesome because vague action tendencies have been less effect on survival and the individual.

Broaden and Build Theory

• The theory states that states the ability to broaden people's momentary thought-action repertoires and build their enduring personal resources with positive actions in mind.
• Narrowed thought promotes quick response when threatened, while the theory benefits have indirect and long-term benefits.
• Positive emotions broaden and build, becoming enduring and promoting upward spiral toward personal growth using broad minded coping.
• It leads to upward spirals and are self perpetuating for the development of the self.

Positive Emotions Increase Life Satisfaction by Building Resilience

• Positive emotions increase life satisfaction.
• Positive emotions and resiliences had the most effect on the subject
• Positive emotions increases increases both resilience and life satisfaction, giving subjects a sense of hope an determination to make the changes they wants to see for themselves.
• Change in resilience mediated the relation between positive emotions,
• Individuals were found to feel more satisfied not simply because they feel better, but because they develop resources for living well.
• Study examined the relationship between positive emotions and change in ego resilience, to determine if emotions were connected to growth in eco resilience.
• Resilience is a personality trait that reflects ability to adapt to changing environments.
• Relations to important life outcomes: 1) fewer behavioral problems in early childhood; 2) better interpersonal and interactional adjustments across the life span; 3) Faster cardiovascular recovery after lab stressor; and 4) Less depression and more thriving after tragedy that may occur.
• Measuring both daily emotions, ego resilience and satisfation with participation and giving adequate Daily responses

Positive Emotions and Resilience

• Overal, positive emotions throughout month predict increases in both ego resilience and life satisfication, which was a very good result.
• Negatvie emotions didnt interfere with positives, so its all a purely positive result form the experiment. which leads to an increase in confidence in the subject.
• Change in resilience mediated the relation between positive emotions the best, leading to better well-being across the subject.
• There was now improvement byadding any other variables relating to change in emotions after the course, leading to suggestion that it is the positive emotions that build strength.
• The prospective study strenghtened the evidence that positive emotions actively help people create desireable outcomes.
• There have been correlational evindece of positive emotions precting growth, and now their is solid evidence from controlled testings.

Positive And Negative Emotions

• The presence of positive emotions trumeped functionaing and results from a funally distinct absence of negative emotions.
• The ability to improve life with stable or variable positive emotions were similar, leading to the conclusion that happiness was not reliant on change.
• Happiness needs to be used in conjunction with mental assistance or recovery to show significant change with positive
• Long term psychological issues can deplete, and that should be in future research.
• The study did well in creating a good base, it must be broadened over time for good results.

Theme 2: Let's do it!

Vignette 1 - Motivation Theories - motivation and choice

• Motiaviotn is essential for an organisation becaus it helso in undrrstanding behaviour and redicting.
• It can stimulate good behaviour as well.
• Form, direction, intensity, duration define motivation according to theorists.
• Making choices, allocating resources, levels are assumed for all with it, all people allocate their resources in different ways or areas.

Need-Based Theories

• Universal Theory can explain forces behind all behavior as it was in Maslows Heriachey of Needs
• The first few layers of needs must be activated first to fully utilise it with full effect.

Maslow's Universal Theory

• The ERG theory was more simple to define his theory to make is more adaptable and to reduce clutter to 3

ERG Theory

If lower needs are not met to satisfaction , higher needs will falter in affect creating an error to motivation. All though 14% ERG were in testing for success

Equity Theory

• All theories are based on a ratio of puts to out puts , the comparison dictates the drive. Most occur if someone feels under paid.
• Methods exist to restore equitably. Increasing outputs, lowering inputs, cognitively adjusting values and then leaving to make it all better

Expectancy Theory V.I.E

• States that if all is met, a action is likely to take place.
• Expectanvy ( if a person is likely to do) instrumentality ( will do) then they have more valence if these are met.
• If one value is 0 the function is lost

GOal Setring Theory

• Goals have motivational value that is high, and help stay on point even when others are there.
• The levels that they should be Should create commitment, have acenptance ,feedback and self efficacy. All should be involved.
• When goals are selected tunel vision and diminashing returns do occur

GoalOrientation

• Goals are difficult however need to be a goal of mind from each person either for performance or mastery
• Promotion and Prevention goal help focus with rewards or preventitives as they focus
• How much autonomy to set is based on individuals preferences, one aspect of goal oriented
• Goals need to create a level of self efficacy
• Some individuals will reject all if not met (noted to in turn be unhelpful .
• Setting and feedback

Reinforcment Theory

• Some that adds incentives leads to a higher chance of the behaviour occurring. A continuous and intermittent effect.
• Constant - to continue to get it, and intermittently, may come . May cause a need with it however

Social Congitive Theory

• Self efficacy components include, behaviour initiation, effort persistence and success.
• High self-efficacy can be hard too at the level of power, and also makes decision easy.

A Good Balance:

• Should be found of high and low in certain areas.
• Negative descrepancy model, to reduce the issues to be focused on, to make behaviour even better
• What occurs matters most to goal setting from actions

Job -Based Theories

• Herzbergs model splits the source of motivation from within
• As long as someone has a base covered and that they have the correct motivational parts.
• If it has those, the behaviour comes . Inherent interest, autonomy all define it. Job characteristics, skill variety , task identity and task significance and autonomy along with other factors do come in mind .

Moderation By Goal Commitinment

• To keep the same feedback loop the more you go .
• How it is affected with different aspects . .What are you using , .

In Summary

• As goal commitments are required but are often missed . Better work can only be done at it's own pace.

Implementation Theory

• Implicaiton are often more of a desired ouit compeht , when a person comitts themeselfs , They tend to get better.
• There will be increased sucdess or failure with 2 factors. The level that someone is aware and the degree of dedication when a goal Is set

More about

• Implementation theory is to go about more detail while still staying in line with the other side and it can be achieved more. That is the main goal.
• The new self in the moment. That is still the goal is still in check to set in stone
• The key is having goal setting with implemetation.
• Goals are not being achieved so it all still ties in to an improvement

Emotion & Goals

• The best setting up is a balance across different categories of affect and emotions to properly balance out a person.

Theme 3: A 'new' kind of intelligence

Discussed concepts of El

• This refers to the emotions regarding all aspects involved with the intelligence aspect The ability to identify the emotions in others and know the difference between them is what the studies focus on.
• The best type is 4 branch the hierarchy used

Criticisms

• Is a bias based approach can help the human reach his or her full potenual.
• With the above in mind one must have a stable mind set There more that are not stable .
• Has it been taught to give to the individuals
• One would get higher scores

To improve

• A more accurate assessment of a persons full scope

Explore the distinctions between moods and emotions, focusing on duration, intensity, and causes. Understand the influence of positive affect and the adaptive role of the positivity offset. Learn about action readiness and appraisal in affective states.