26 Questions
What is the outcome when myeloma cells are exposed to aminopterin?
They die
What is the purpose of using HAT medium in hybridoma technology?
To select for hybridoma cells
What is the source of plasma cells used in hybridoma technology?
Immunized animal
What is the purpose of priming an animal with IFA or pristane before immunization?
To enhance antibody production
What is the advantage of using bioreactors for antibody production?
All of the above
What is a characteristic of monoclonal antibodies?
High specificity and uniform affinity
What is a disadvantage of monoclonal antibodies?
All of the above
What is a use of monoclonal antibodies?
All of the above
What is the name of the first approved monoclonal antibody?
OKT-3
What is a type of bioreactor used for antibody production?
All of the above
What is the main issue with the conventional method of producing antibodies?
The antibodies produced are heterogeneous and contain undesired substances
What is the term used to describe a population of cells derived from a single progenitor cell?
Clone
What is the name of the technology used to produce monoclonal antibodies?
Hybridoma Technology
What is the term used to describe antibodies produced by a single type of immune cell?
Monoclonal Antibodies
What is the main purpose of immunizing animals in the production of monoclonal antibodies?
To produce the antibody of choice
What is the process by which the adaptive immune system works?
Clonal Selection
What is the role of myeloma cells in Hybridoma Technology?
To provide unlimited growth capacity
Why is the spleen used as a source of lymphocytes?
Because it contains B-lymphocytes that secrete antibodies
What are the antibodies produced by a single clone of B cell called?
Monoclonal Antibodies
What is the problem with the conventional method of producing antibodies in terms of the amount of usable antibody?
It provides a very small amount of usable antibody
What is the result of fusing myeloma cells with splenic B cells?
A homogeneous antibody preparation
What is the term used to describe the antibodies produced in a living system that are a heterogeneous population originated from different types of B cells?
Polyclonal Antibodies
What is the limitation of using peripheral blood in monoclonal antibody production?
Only a limited volume can be drawn
What is the general strategy to generate monoclonal antibodies?
Immunization of mice followed by spleen cell preparation
What is the characteristic of monoclonal antibodies produced by Hybridoma Technology?
They have a single type of antigen binding site
What is the result of polyclonal antibody production in vivo?
A complex mixture of different antibodies
Study Notes
Monoclonal Antibodies
- Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are produced by a single clone of B cells against a single antigenic determinant or a hapten.
- mAbs are homogeneous antibody preparations produced in the laboratory, consisting of a single type of antigen-binding site.
Hybridoma Technology
- Hybridoma technology is a technique to generate a continuous supply of monoclonal antibodies.
- It involves the fusion of two cells: myeloma (plasma cell tumor) cells and splenic B cells.
- Hybridoma cells combine the unlimited growth capacity of myeloma cells with the antibody-producing capabilities of B cells.
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies
- Myeloma cells die in the presence of aminopterin, but can be rescued by the salvage pathway.
- The fusion of myeloma cells with spleen cells from an immunized animal produces hybridoma cells that secrete monoclonal antibodies.
- Large amounts of antibody can be produced using animals or bioreactors.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Monoclonal Antibodies
- Advantages: homogeneity, high specificity, target-oriented, small quantity of antigen required, consistent, limitless supply, and easily tested for cross-reactivity.
- Disadvantages: high specificity affects use as diagnostic when there are minor differences between strains, limited sensitivity, average affinity is lower than pAb, immune rejection, expensive, and time-consuming.
Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
- Infectious diseases: OKT-3 (renal allotransplant rejection), Infliximab (rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis), Omalizumab (allergic asthma).
- Cancer therapy: Rituximab (B-cell lymphomas), Trastuzumab (breast cancer, HER2/neu receptor), Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (acute myelogenous leukemia).
- Metabolic disorders: targeting secreted fatty acid-binding protein aP2 (type 2 diabetes), Evolocumab and Alirocumab (LDL-C reduction).
- Biomedical research: ELISA, WB, and infectious disease treatment (Raxibazumab, Tocilizumab).
Clonal Selection Theory
- A clone is a population of cells derived from a single progenitor cell.
- The adaptive immune system works by clonal selection, where an antigen triggers the expansion of limited B-cell clones specific for that antigen.
- Antibodies produced by a single clone of B cells are called monoclonal antibodies.
Learn about the production and characteristics of monoclonal antibodies, and how they differ from polyclonal antibodies. Understand the concept of hybridoma technology and its significance in antibody production.
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