Monoclonal Antibodies and Hybridoma Technology
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Questions and Answers

What is the outcome when myeloma cells are exposed to aminopterin?

  • They undergo senescence
  • They become resistant to antibiotics
  • They proliferate rapidly
  • They die (correct)

    • What is the purpose of using HAT medium in hybridoma technology?

  • To stimulate antibody production
  • To promote cell fusion
  • To select for hybridoma cells (correct)
  • To inhibit myeloma cell growth

    • What is the source of plasma cells used in hybridoma technology?

  • Fibroblast
  • Immunized animal (correct)
  • Splenocyte
  • Myeloma cell line

    • What is the purpose of priming an animal with IFA or pristane before immunization?

    <p>To enhance antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using bioreactors for antibody production?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>High specificity and uniform affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a use of monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the first approved monoclonal antibody?

    <p>OKT-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of bioreactor used for antibody production?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue with the conventional method of producing antibodies?

    <p>The antibodies produced are heterogeneous and contain undesired substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a population of cells derived from a single progenitor cell?

    <p>Clone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the technology used to produce monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>Hybridoma Technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe antibodies produced by a single type of immune cell?

    <p>Monoclonal Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of immunizing animals in the production of monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>To produce the antibody of choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the adaptive immune system works?

    <p>Clonal Selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of myeloma cells in Hybridoma Technology?

    <p>To provide unlimited growth capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the spleen used as a source of lymphocytes?

    <p>Because it contains B-lymphocytes that secrete antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the antibodies produced by a single clone of B cell called?

    <p>Monoclonal Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem with the conventional method of producing antibodies in terms of the amount of usable antibody?

    <p>It provides a very small amount of usable antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of fusing myeloma cells with splenic B cells?

    <p>A homogeneous antibody preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the antibodies produced in a living system that are a heterogeneous population originated from different types of B cells?

    <p>Polyclonal Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of using peripheral blood in monoclonal antibody production?

    <p>Only a limited volume can be drawn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general strategy to generate monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>Immunization of mice followed by spleen cell preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of monoclonal antibodies produced by Hybridoma Technology?

    <p>They have a single type of antigen binding site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of polyclonal antibody production in vivo?

    <p>A complex mixture of different antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Monoclonal Antibodies

    • Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are produced by a single clone of B cells against a single antigenic determinant or a hapten.
    • mAbs are homogeneous antibody preparations produced in the laboratory, consisting of a single type of antigen-binding site.

    Hybridoma Technology

    • Hybridoma technology is a technique to generate a continuous supply of monoclonal antibodies.
    • It involves the fusion of two cells: myeloma (plasma cell tumor) cells and splenic B cells.
    • Hybridoma cells combine the unlimited growth capacity of myeloma cells with the antibody-producing capabilities of B cells.

    Production of Monoclonal Antibodies

    • Myeloma cells die in the presence of aminopterin, but can be rescued by the salvage pathway.
    • The fusion of myeloma cells with spleen cells from an immunized animal produces hybridoma cells that secrete monoclonal antibodies.
    • Large amounts of antibody can be produced using animals or bioreactors.

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Monoclonal Antibodies

    • Advantages: homogeneity, high specificity, target-oriented, small quantity of antigen required, consistent, limitless supply, and easily tested for cross-reactivity.
    • Disadvantages: high specificity affects use as diagnostic when there are minor differences between strains, limited sensitivity, average affinity is lower than pAb, immune rejection, expensive, and time-consuming.

    Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies

    • Infectious diseases: OKT-3 (renal allotransplant rejection), Infliximab (rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis), Omalizumab (allergic asthma).
    • Cancer therapy: Rituximab (B-cell lymphomas), Trastuzumab (breast cancer, HER2/neu receptor), Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (acute myelogenous leukemia).
    • Metabolic disorders: targeting secreted fatty acid-binding protein aP2 (type 2 diabetes), Evolocumab and Alirocumab (LDL-C reduction).
    • Biomedical research: ELISA, WB, and infectious disease treatment (Raxibazumab, Tocilizumab).

    Clonal Selection Theory

    • A clone is a population of cells derived from a single progenitor cell.
    • The adaptive immune system works by clonal selection, where an antigen triggers the expansion of limited B-cell clones specific for that antigen.
    • Antibodies produced by a single clone of B cells are called monoclonal antibodies.

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    Description

    Learn about the production and characteristics of monoclonal antibodies, and how they differ from polyclonal antibodies. Understand the concept of hybridoma technology and its significance in antibody production.

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