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What was a key influence of the Enlightenment on societal movements?
What was a key influence of the Enlightenment on societal movements?
Which concept was central to the Scientific Revolution as it gained popularity in northern Europe?
Which concept was central to the Scientific Revolution as it gained popularity in northern Europe?
What legal system replaced Justinian Law in the Ottoman Empire after the siege of Constantinople?
What legal system replaced Justinian Law in the Ottoman Empire after the siege of Constantinople?
How did Akbar contribute to religious tolerance in the Mughal Empire?
How did Akbar contribute to religious tolerance in the Mughal Empire?
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Which of the following was a result of Europe's religious divisions?
Which of the following was a result of Europe's religious divisions?
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What role did the Jesuits play during the Counter-Reformation?
What role did the Jesuits play during the Counter-Reformation?
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What was the Peace of Augsburg significant for?
What was the Peace of Augsburg significant for?
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What did Empiricism, developed during the Scientific Revolution, primarily emphasize?
What did Empiricism, developed during the Scientific Revolution, primarily emphasize?
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What did the arrival of Europeans and imported Africans primarily create in the Americas?
What did the arrival of Europeans and imported Africans primarily create in the Americas?
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Which group was placed at the top of the social hierarchy established by the Spanish?
Which group was placed at the top of the social hierarchy established by the Spanish?
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What was the consequence of the gender imbalance caused by the slave trade in the New World?
What was the consequence of the gender imbalance caused by the slave trade in the New World?
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Which mixed-race category refers to individuals of European and indigenous descent?
Which mixed-race category refers to individuals of European and indigenous descent?
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How did the casta system affect the indigenous populations in the Americas?
How did the casta system affect the indigenous populations in the Americas?
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What does cultural syncretism refer to in the context of the Americas?
What does cultural syncretism refer to in the context of the Americas?
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Which groups occupied the lower positions in the social hierarchy of colonial societies?
Which groups occupied the lower positions in the social hierarchy of colonial societies?
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What term describes Europeans born in the New World?
What term describes Europeans born in the New World?
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Which statement accurately describes the impact of the Columbian Exchange?
Which statement accurately describes the impact of the Columbian Exchange?
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How did European technologies influence maritime exploration?
How did European technologies influence maritime exploration?
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What labor system was based on race and considered hereditary?
What labor system was based on race and considered hereditary?
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Which statement best characterizes the African slave trade's impact on colonial economies?
Which statement best characterizes the African slave trade's impact on colonial economies?
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What was the consequence of the Spanish reliance on the mita system?
What was the consequence of the Spanish reliance on the mita system?
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How did the Indian trade network continue to function despite European control?
How did the Indian trade network continue to function despite European control?
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Which was a characteristic of the Hacienda system?
Which was a characteristic of the Hacienda system?
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What distinguishes the relationship between Europe and Asian trade during this period?
What distinguishes the relationship between Europe and Asian trade during this period?
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What was one of Martin Luther's main criticisms of the Church?
What was one of Martin Luther's main criticisms of the Church?
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How did Martin Luther view the role of women in relation to God?
How did Martin Luther view the role of women in relation to God?
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What was John Calvin's view on predestination?
What was John Calvin's view on predestination?
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What significant action did King Henry VII take in relation to the Catholic Church?
What significant action did King Henry VII take in relation to the Catholic Church?
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Which of the following best describes the socio-economic impact of Calvinism?
Which of the following best describes the socio-economic impact of Calvinism?
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What was one of the consequences of the Protestant Reformation?
What was one of the consequences of the Protestant Reformation?
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Who were the followers of John Calvin known as?
Who were the followers of John Calvin known as?
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How did the actions of German political leaders relate to Luther's teachings?
How did the actions of German political leaders relate to Luther's teachings?
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What was one of the main reasons Confucian officials believed Kublai Khan had the mandate of heaven?
What was one of the main reasons Confucian officials believed Kublai Khan had the mandate of heaven?
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What was a significant effect of the Mongols controlling the Silk Road?
What was a significant effect of the Mongols controlling the Silk Road?
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Which of the following was a policy of the Mongol Empire regarding intellectuals and skilled artisans?
Which of the following was a policy of the Mongol Empire regarding intellectuals and skilled artisans?
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What does the term 'Pax Mongolica' refer to?
What does the term 'Pax Mongolica' refer to?
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What was a key military strategy used by Mehmed II to conquer Constantinople?
What was a key military strategy used by Mehmed II to conquer Constantinople?
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How did the Safavid Empire establish its authority despite lacking a strong military?
How did the Safavid Empire establish its authority despite lacking a strong military?
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What was a consequence of Suleman I's siege of Venice?
What was a consequence of Suleman I's siege of Venice?
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What strategy did the Ottomans use to assert dominance over the Safavid Empire?
What strategy did the Ottomans use to assert dominance over the Safavid Empire?
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What was a key strategy used by the shogunate to control the daimyos in Japan?
What was a key strategy used by the shogunate to control the daimyos in Japan?
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Which characteristic defined the Renaissance's focus on literature and culture?
Which characteristic defined the Renaissance's focus on literature and culture?
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How did the Gutenberg printing press impact society during the Renaissance?
How did the Gutenberg printing press impact society during the Renaissance?
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What was a major challenge faced by the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?
What was a major challenge faced by the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?
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What approach did Northern Renaissance artists mainly take in their works?
What approach did Northern Renaissance artists mainly take in their works?
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What role did wealthy families, such as the Medici, play in the Southern Renaissance?
What role did wealthy families, such as the Medici, play in the Southern Renaissance?
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What did John Wycliffe argue regarding priests and salvation?
What did John Wycliffe argue regarding priests and salvation?
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What was a significant ideological change during the Renaissance regarding individualism?
What was a significant ideological change during the Renaissance regarding individualism?
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Study Notes
Mongol Empire and the Silk Road
- The Silk Road was a vast network of roads and trails facilitating trade and cultural exchange across Eurasia.
- Innovations like paper money, credit, and banks improved trade efficiency.
- Caravanserais (inns) provided safety and facilitated cultural exchange along trade routes.
- Increased demand for luxury goods like silk and porcelain led to proto-industrialization in regions like China.
- Cultural diffusion spread ideas and cultures along trade routes.
- The Mongols, originally pastoral nomads, unified various clans under Genghis Khan.
- Mongol expansion was driven by military organization, technology, timing, and reputation for brutality.
- The Mongols adopted aspects of conquered cultures, promoting cultural exchange.
- The Mongol Empire improved infrastructure (roads, bridges), facilitated communication (Yam system), and protected trade routes.
- Pax Mongolica fostered flourishing trade due to Mongol control over trade routes.
Expansion of Empires
- Ottomans: Largest and enduring gunpowder empire.
- Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) using gunpowder.
- Suleiman I's siege of Venice marked a turning point in Ottoman domination.
- Ottomans used government structure, military power, and religion to establish authority.
- Safavids: Sunni Muslim empire, established by Ismail.
- Safavid shahs controlled religion and politics and faced religious conflicts.
- The Battle of Chaldiran marked the end of Safavid expansion.
- Mughals: Rich and well-governed empire, with notable architecture (Taj Mahal).
- Akbar aimed for unity by encouraging religious and political harmony.
- Mughals used efficient government structure and military power to establish authority.
- Russia was influenced by Vikings and Mongols, expanding eastward.
- Ivan IV extended Russian borders using gunpowder and cossack warriors.
- Russia's expansion reached the Pacific Ocean by 1639.
Administration of Empires
- Western Europe (France, Britain):
- Britain used parliamentary monarchy (king/queen + parliament).
- The Glorious Revolution saw the peaceful transfer of power in Britain.
- France centralized power through intendants and absolutism (Louis XIV).
- Gunpowder Empires: Utilized a selection system (devshirme) to staff their government and military.
- Russia: Boyar class and rulers had conflicts (Ivan IV).
- Ivan IV established dominance, controlling the Boyars and implementing secret police.
- The Romanov Dynasty succeeded after a period of civil wars.
Belief Systems of Empires
- Renaissance: Revival of interest in classical Greco-Roman culture, humanism, and secular writing.
- Gutenberg printing press fostered literacy and the spread of ideas.
- Protestant Reformation: Challenges to the Roman Catholic Church (corruption, theological disagreements).
- Martin Luther's 95 Theses challenged Church practices like indulgences and simony.
- John Calvin's ideas emphasized predestination and the "Protestant work ethic".
- The English Reformation saw King Henry VIII break with the Catholic Church.
- Enlightenment: Advocated reason and challenged traditional ideas/institutions.
- Deism: Belief in a God who created but doesn't interfere.
Exploration
- Motivations for European exploration:
- Expansion of authority, desire for resources, religious zeal, and economic gains.
- Technological advancements in sailing and navigation allowed for new voyages.
- Mercantilism drove state-sponsored exploration and the establishment of colonies.
- Iberian trade hegemony (Portugal and Spain): seeking new trade routes for Asian goods.
- Impact on the Americas: Introduction of new trade networks, the Atlantic system, silver trade, and the transatlantic slave trade.
- Columbian exchange resulted in the transfer of goods, diseases, and people between the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
Maritime Empires
- Atlantic slave trade: Colonial economies relied on enslaved labor extracted from Africa.
- Chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and the encomienda system were forms of forced labor.
- Impact on Africa: Gender imbalance, demographic changes, and the introduction of gunpowder further destabilized the continent.
- Impact on Asia: Increased European presence (ex., British East India Company).
- Impact on the Middle East: Increase in trade.
- Isolationist policies of some states (ex., China): resisted European presence/influence.
Changing Social Hierarchies
- Mughal cultural tolerance: Akbar's policies favored religious harmony, with later rulers deviating from this approach.
- Russian serfdom: Entrenchment of serfdom under the Tsarist rule.
- Racial societies in the Americas: Development of complex racial hierarchies (ex., casta system).
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Description
Explore the intricate connections between the Mongol Empire and the Silk Road. This quiz covers trade innovations, cultural exchanges, and the impact of Mongol expansion on Eurasian trade routes. Delve into how the Mongols transformed the economy and culture through their conquests and the Pax Mongolica.
