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What are the four main types of macromolecules found in living organisms?
What are the four main types of macromolecules found in living organisms?
Macromolecules are very small molecules that consist of many structural units with similar chemical properties.
Macromolecules are very small molecules that consist of many structural units with similar chemical properties.
False
What percentage of most living tissues is made up of water?
What percentage of most living tissues is made up of water?
70%
Lipids are polymers.
Lipids are polymers.
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Which of the following is NOT a monomer?
Which of the following is NOT a monomer?
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What type of bond joins monomers together to form polymers?
What type of bond joins monomers together to form polymers?
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The chemical process by which polymers are constructed is called ______.
The chemical process by which polymers are constructed is called ______.
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What type of reaction breaks down polymers into monomers?
What type of reaction breaks down polymers into monomers?
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Which elements are commonly found in macromolecules?
Which elements are commonly found in macromolecules?
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Molecules containing carbon are called organic molecules.
Molecules containing carbon are called organic molecules.
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How many covalent bonds can carbon typically form?
How many covalent bonds can carbon typically form?
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What is the most common element in living organisms?
What is the most common element in living organisms?
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What type of bond is formed when elements share electrons?
What type of bond is formed when elements share electrons?
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Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons.
Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons.
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The more electronegative an atom is, the less it attracts electrons.
The more electronegative an atom is, the less it attracts electrons.
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A molecule with a slightly more positive region and a slightly more negative region is considered what?
A molecule with a slightly more positive region and a slightly more negative region is considered what?
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Polar molecules can form hydrogen bonds with water.
Polar molecules can form hydrogen bonds with water.
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Which of the following is an example of a polar functional group?
Which of the following is an example of a polar functional group?
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Aromatic rings typically make molecules more hydrophilic.
Aromatic rings typically make molecules more hydrophilic.
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What is the key difference between saturated and unsaturated molecules?
What is the key difference between saturated and unsaturated molecules?
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Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.
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Which type of isomerism involves variations in the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in space?
Which type of isomerism involves variations in the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in space?
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Cis-trans isomers are a type of optical isomerism.
Cis-trans isomers are a type of optical isomerism.
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Optical isomers can rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.
Optical isomers can rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.
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What kind of large molecules are composed of multiple repeating subunits called monomers?
What kind of large molecules are composed of multiple repeating subunits called monomers?
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Which of the four major classes of biological macromolecules are not polymers?
Which of the four major classes of biological macromolecules are not polymers?
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What is the primary type of bond that connects monomers together in polymers?
What is the primary type of bond that connects monomers together in polymers?
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The formation of polymers from monomers is called polymerization?
The formation of polymers from monomers is called polymerization?
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What is the term for a molecule where the charge is equally distributed?
What is the term for a molecule where the charge is equally distributed?
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What is the term for a molecule with a slightly more positive or negative region due to uneven charge distribution?
What is the term for a molecule with a slightly more positive or negative region due to uneven charge distribution?
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What is the term for a molecule that can form hydrogen bonds with water?
What is the term for a molecule that can form hydrogen bonds with water?
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What is the term for a molecule that does not readily interact with water?
What is the term for a molecule that does not readily interact with water?
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Which of the following functional groups is NOT generally hydrophobic ?
Which of the following functional groups is NOT generally hydrophobic ?
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Which type of isomerism involves the same atoms connected, but arranged differently in space?
Which type of isomerism involves the same atoms connected, but arranged differently in space?
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Which type of Stereoisomerism differs only in the location of groups around a double bond?
Which type of Stereoisomerism differs only in the location of groups around a double bond?
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A carbon atom with four different groups or atoms attached is referred to as a chiral carbon?
A carbon atom with four different groups or atoms attached is referred to as a chiral carbon?
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Optical isomers are also known as enantiomers?
Optical isomers are also known as enantiomers?
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What is the technique used to distinguish between enantiomers?
What is the technique used to distinguish between enantiomers?
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If an enantiomer rotates polarized light to the right, what is it designated as?
If an enantiomer rotates polarized light to the right, what is it designated as?
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Which form of glucose, D or L, is the most common form found in nature?
Which form of glucose, D or L, is the most common form found in nature?
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Most natural amino acids are which form, D or L?
Most natural amino acids are which form, D or L?
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What drug, in the late 1950s lead to birth defects due to its chiral form?
What drug, in the late 1950s lead to birth defects due to its chiral form?
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Which enantiomer of methamphetamine is considered an illegal recreational drug?
Which enantiomer of methamphetamine is considered an illegal recreational drug?
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Study Notes
Molecules to Microbes - Biochemistry of Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are large molecules with similar chemical structures.
- Polymers are composed of many repeating subunits called monomers, joined by covalent bonds.
- Lipids are not polymers; they are held together by noncovalent bonds.
- Polymerization is the process of constructing polymers from monomers.
- Condensation reactions form polymers; water is released as a byproduct.
- Hydrolysis reactions break down polymers into monomers; water is used in this process.
What are Macromolecules?
- Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids (not polymers)
- A macromolecule is a very large molecule consisting of many structural units with similar chemical properties
Molecular composition of macromolecules
- Carbohydrates are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Lipids are mostly composed of carbon and hydrogen, with some oxygen.
- Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
- Nucleic acids include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Key Concepts
- Saturation: Saturated molecules have only single bonds between carbon atoms; unsaturated molecules have double or triple bonds.
- Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom to attract bonding electrons. Electronegativity differences create polar bonds in molecules.
- Polarity: Polar molecules have slightly positive and slightly negative regions; nonpolar molecules have charge distributed evenly.
- Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic: Hydrophilic molecules readily interact with water due to polarity, while hydrophobic molecules do not due to non-polarity. This characteristic is often determined by functional groups on the molecule.
Isomerism
- Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements.
-
Structural Isomers: Have different connections of atoms within the molecule.
- Example: Butane and Isobutane (both C₄H₁₀).
-
Stereoisomers: Have the same connections of atoms but different spatial arrangements.
-
Geometric Isomers (cis-trans): Same atoms connected differently in space.
- Example: Cis-2-Butene and Trans-2-Butene (both C₄H₈)
- Example: Cisplatin and Transplatin (different biological activity)
-
Optical Isomers (enantiomers): Molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other, typically around a chiral carbon atom.
- Example: D-glucose and L-glucose
- Example: D-alanine and L-alanine
-
Geometric Isomers (cis-trans): Same atoms connected differently in space.
- Thalidomide is a drug that demonstrates the importance of considering enantiomers; one form is useful, while the other is harmful.
Summary Part 1
- Saturated molecules contain only single bonds between carbon atoms and have maximum hydrogen bonding.
- Unsaturated molecules have double or triple bonds between carbon atoms, so they are unable to bond with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
Summary Part 2
- Electronegativity is the measure of an atom's tendency to attract electrons within a covalent bond.
- Polar covalent bonds occur when atoms with differing electronegativities share electrons unequally.
- Hydrophilic molecules can interact with water via hydrogen bonding while hydrophobic molecules cannot and do not interact with water.
Summary Part 3
- Functional groups typically influence a molecule's hydrophilic characteristics.
- Aromatic structures tend to confer hydrophobic characteristics.
Additional Information
- Blackboard tests will be available soon on discussed topics and additional lectures.
- Key resources: "Life, the science of biology," and "Essential chemistry for biochemistry."
- In today's lecture, the focus is on what macromolecules are, their composition, key concepts (saturation, electronegativity, polarity), and isomerism.
- Most living tissues are approximately 70% water. Organic molecules make up the remaining part by proportions: proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids.
- Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur are the most prevalent elements in macromolecules.
- A covalent bond is formed when elements share electrons, to become stable with a full outer shell.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of macromolecules in biochemistry. This quiz covers the structures and functions of nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Test your understanding of polymerization processes and the composition of these essential biomolecules.
