Pharmacology Exam 1

<p>Trimer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generating light energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fructose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP has more phosphate groups than AMP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oleic Acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tryptophan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catalyzing biochemical reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An oligomer consists of a few units. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have biological functions independent of polymerization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatty Acid - Triglyceride (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide repeating structural features. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It initiates a physiological response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antagonists interfere with agonist-mediated receptor activation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biomolecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can fold into complex structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradykinin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To initiate physiological functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lawful functional relationship between concentration of a chemical and a physiological response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Independent: chemical concentration, Dependent: physiological response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination (ADME) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How the body affects the drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medical imaging techniques (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Studying the sources and properties of natural drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testing the safety and efficacy of new drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The optimal dosage for the drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of innovative drug delivery systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It relies on basic concepts of chemistry, biology, and physics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Directly bind to DNA to regulate gene expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The diffusion of the ligand across the membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormone Response Element (HRE) on DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their requirement for ligand binding to translocate to the nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Class A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tethered ligand mechanism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Larger size and functional heterodimers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can be voltage-gated or ligand-gated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G protein coupled receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding to extracellular loops (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transporters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Class A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulates intracellular release of calcium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It converts ATP to cAMP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes β-arrestin recruitment to the receptor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may undergo degradation in lysosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A heterodimer of two full-length GPCR monomers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate receptor internalization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GTP activates G proteins by facilitating their GDP conversion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To hydrolyze phospholipids and produce signaling molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It supports the conversion of ATP to cAMP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium is released into the cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phosphorylation of the receptor by GRKs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IP3 and DAG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphodiesterase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased receptor expression on the cell surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A ‘venus flytrap’ binding pocket (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clathrin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activated downstream signaling components (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endoplasmic reticulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physiological changes in the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kinases are proteins that regulate the activity of other proteins by adding a phosphate group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein Kinase A (PKA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine, terminating the signal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzymes reduce the activation energy of a reaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A catalyst increases the rate of the reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase the rate of the reaction without being consumed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cAMP is a second messenger that activates PKA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It terminates the transmission of nerve signals by breaking down acetylcholine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorylation adds a phosphate group to a protein, which can activate or deactivate the protein. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzymes lower the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To break down acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligand-gated sodium channel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ion channels can be regulated by both voltage and ligand binding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure the conductance of a single ion channel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonists can stabilize an open state and increase its frequency of opening. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligand-gated cation channel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>On the postsynaptic side of the neuromuscular junction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transporters exhibit a high degree of selectivity for the molecules they transport, while ion channels are less selective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To move neurotransmitters and hormones across membrane barriers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P-gp functions as an efflux transporter, actively removing substances from cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SLC Transporters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary active transport utilizes ATPases, while secondary active transport relies on symporters and antiporters. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves the binding of substrates to transporter proteins, leading to saturable transport. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SLC transporters can operate in both directions, facilitating both influx and efflux of substrates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P-gp directly hydrolyzes ATP to power the movement of substrates out of cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It utilizes ATP hydrolysis directly to move substrates across the membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transport that occurs along a specific direction, such as from the inside of a cell to the outside. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a site for the binding of specific substrates, which are then transported across the membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transporters can influence the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He introduced the scientific method to the study of medicine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By showing that curare blocked muscle contraction when injected directly into the muscle but not when injected into the nerve innervating the muscle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ingestion of curare had no effect on the animal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Curare primarily affects motor nerves, leaving sensory nerves unaffected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Curare acts on a specific site at the neuromuscular junction, interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It led to a deeper understanding of how drugs work at the molecular level. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>KD = k2 / k1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medium affinity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molar (M) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower affinity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>k1 is equal to k2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Affinity is determined by the ratio of the rate constants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are mutually antagonistic, meaning they have opposing effects on the same receptor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a specific site on a protein, where both drugs can bind and elicit their respective effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because it can only bind to a limited number of drug molecules at a time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rate of change in one direction is equal to the rate of change in the opposite direction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The receptors are located within the biological tissue, and are accessible from the extracellular space. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reversible chemical reactions, allowing for dynamic binding and unbinding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ratio of product to reactant concentrations at equilibrium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of reactants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It describes the relationship between drug concentration and the effects on the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drugs work by binding to specific receptors on the surface of cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erlich demonstrated that drugs work by binding to specific chemical groups on the surface of cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drugs work by binding to specific receptors, and different drugs can compete for the same receptor site. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small concentrations can have a large effect because the agonists interact with specific receptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference between the dose of a drug that is effective and the dose that is toxic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is independent of the concentration of the chemical. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Langley's 'receptive substance' is a hypothetical entity, while receptors are concrete structures confirmed scientifically. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bernard provided a series of experiments that localized the action of curare to the neuromuscular junction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The affinity of the drug for the receptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecules that are mirror images of each other and cannot be superimposed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher drug concentration generally leads to lower selectivity for the target receptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Affinity refers to the strength of the bond between a drug and its receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By comparing the relative concentrations of drugs required to produce a specific effect, different receptor subtypes can be identified. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concentration of drug required to achieve 50% of the maximum response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher affinity generally leads to higher selectivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonists activate receptors, while antagonists block receptor activation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enantiomers often have different pharmacological activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To target specific tissues or functions more effectively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EC50 is the concentration causing 50% of the maximum response, while KD is the measure of a drug's affinity for its receptor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Full agonists are capable of producing their maximum response while binding to 100% of the receptors, while partial agonists can only achieve a partial response even when all receptors are occupied, regardless of concentration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stabilizes the receptor in a conformation that cannot couple to G-proteins, leading to a reduction in basal activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They shift the curve to the right, indicating that a higher concentration of the agonist is needed to reach the same level of response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biased agonists bind to different regions of the receptor, leading to different conformational changes and activation of only specific signaling pathways. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receptors are dynamically evolving structures, and their conformation is influenced by the binding of ligands. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competitive antagonists bind to the same site as the agonist, while noncompetitive antagonists bind to a different site. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The response will not increase significantly beyond a certain point, even at very high concentrations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It induces a conformational change in the receptor, making it less likely to bind the agonist. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The experimental study of the chemical control of physiology.

The variable that is manipulated, such as chemical concentration.

The outcome measured in response to the independent variable, like physiological response.

The relationship between chemical concentration and physiological response, central to pharmacology.

Study of what drugs do to the body, including ligand/receptor interactions.

Study of what the body does to a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME).

Acronym for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination, key processes in pharmacokinetics.

A chemical that binds to a receptor to produce a physiological response.

The study of medicinal drugs derived from plants and other natural sources.

The application of pharmacology principles in treating diseases with drugs.

A molecule made of a few monomer units.

A large molecule formed from many monomers.

A single building block unit of a polymer.

A simple sugar and key energy source for cells.

Building blocks of peptides and proteins.

Short chains of amino acids linked together.

A ligand that activates a receptor to induce a response.

A ligand that blocks or inhibits receptor activation.

A molecule produced by a living organism (e.g., proteins).

Simple sugars like glucose and fructose that are building blocks of carbohydrates.

A monosaccharide found in fruits; sweetener.

Building blocks of nucleic acids; includes ATP, AMP, GTP.

A nucleotide that serves as the primary energy carrier in cells.

Building blocks of lipids, essential for energy storage and membranes.

The process of combining small units (monomers) to form large molecules (polymers).

New traits that arise when monomers combine into polymers, essential for life.

A heterodimer formed by two GPCR monomers that detects sweet taste.

A structure in the sweet receptor that traps and binds tastants.

The cycle where GTP activates G proteins, while GDP inactivates them.

An enzyme that cleaves phospholipids to produce IP3 and DAG.

A molecule generated by PLC that triggers calcium release from the ER.

The process where calcium ions exit the ER into the cytoplasm, triggered by IP3.

An organelle where calcium is stored and released into the cytoplasm.

Specialized form of ER found in muscle cells that stores calcium ions.

A series of molecular events initiated by a receptor leading to a cellular response.

Nucleotides involved in the G protein activation cycle; GTP activates, GDP inactivates.

Transcription factors that bind to DNA to regulate gene expression.

Receptors found in the cytosol that translocate to the nucleus upon ligand binding.

Receptors that reside in the nucleus and recruit coactivators upon ligand binding.

DNA sequence that binds the ligand-receptor complex for transcription initiation.

Substances that activate nuclear receptors, such as steroid hormones.

Technique used to introduce IP3 into cells, triggering calcium release.

A crucial process where calcium ions act as a signal in cells.

An enzyme that converts ATP into cAMP, a secondary messenger.

Process where receptors are internalized or degraded after prolonged stimulation.

Proteins that mediate the internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).

The process where GPCRs are engulfed by the cell membrane into vesicles.

Areas in the cell membrane that help in endocytosis of receptors.

G protein-coupled receptor kinases that phosphorylate active receptors.

Membrane-bound compartment where engulfed receptors are stored.

A large family of cell surface receptors that respond to various ligands.

Proteins that allow ions to pass through cell membranes, crucial for cell signaling.

Receptors that are associated with enzymes, which can activate responses upon ligand binding.

The most common GPCR class, typically with small molecule binding sites.

GPCRs with longer aminotermini involved in binding ligands, often peptides.

This class has large amino termini and often forms heterodimers with other receptors.

Ion channels that open or close in response to changes in membrane potential.

Ion channels that open in response to the binding of a chemical messenger.

Acetylcholinesterase cleaves acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline.

The rate of ion flow through an open ion channel.

A ligand-gated cation channel activated by acetylcholine, crucial at neuromuscular junctions.

Substances that stabilize an open state of ion channels, increasing ion flow frequency.

Ion channels can exist in closed, open, or various conductive states.

A method to measure the ion conductance of individual ion channels.

Integral membrane proteins that move neurotransmitters and hormones across membranes.

Process requiring energy (ATP) to move substances across membranes against their gradient.

Passive movement of molecules across membranes through transport proteins, driven by concentration gradients.

ATP-binding cassette transporters that use ATP to move molecules, often uni-directionally (efflux).

A specific ABC transporter that reduces drug concentration in cells by ejecting them.

Solute carrier transporters that facilitate or actively transport molecules, allowing both influx and efflux.

Transporters that move two different substances in the same direction across a membrane.

Transporters that move one substance in while moving another out of the cell.

Transport that indirectly relies on primary active transport (ATP); often involves symporters and antiporters.

Transporters that move a single substrate down its concentration gradient without energy usage.

Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

Substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

Proteins that regulate the activity of other proteins by adding phosphate groups, a process called phosphorylation.

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often used to activate or deactivate proteins.

An enzyme activated by cAMP that phosphorylates target proteins to regulate their function.

An enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, thus terminating the signal transmission.

Chemical signals that transmit messages across a synapse from one neuron to another.

The control of various processes within a cell, often mediated by enzymes and signaling molecules.

The outcomes or actions that result from signal transduction pathways in cells.

A hypothetical site in cell membranes where drugs and chemicals bind to elicit effects.

The phenomenon where two substances interfere with each other's effects at a common site.

A concept where the biological response to a drug reaches a maximum beyond which no effect increases.

Drugs specifically designed to target and kill microorganisms like bacteria.

Chemical functional groups on cell surfaces that interact with antibodies and drugs.

A traditional antineurotoxin that blocks nerve impulses to muscles, illustrating mutual antagonism.

Chemicals that can interact with biological systems to elicit a response.

Father of Modern Physiology; first chair of physiology at the Sorbonne.

Curare blocks nerve signals but not muscle stimulation; affects motor nerves only.

The synapse where nerve cells connect with muscles; crucial for muscle contraction.

Curare must be transported by blood to exert its effects; ingestion does not work.

Stimulation of the paralyzed leg produces contraction in the other leg, showing reflex pathways are intact despite paralysis.

A state where net changes cease, though individual reactions continue to occur.

Chemical reactions where reactants can form products and vice versa, signaling a dynamic balance.

Describes the relationship between drug concentration and receptor binding affinity at equilibrium.

Rules explaining how reaction rates relate to concentrations of reactants and products.

A measure of how tightly a ligand binds to its receptor, calculated at equilibrium.

The inverse of KA; a measure of how easily a ligand detaches from its receptor.

Rates of how quickly ligands attach to and detach from receptors, dictated by constants k1 and k2.

The area outside cells where receptors are located and ligands can bind.

A state where the rate of association equals the rate of dissociation of a ligand-receptor complex.

k1 is the rate constant for association; k2 is for dissociation; they help define KD.

k1 has units of min-1 M-1, whereas k2 has units of min-1, showing their roles in reaction speed.

KD represents how strongly a ligand binds to a receptor; it is directly linked to binding affinity.

At equilibrium, the expression [R][D] = k2[RD] illustrates the relationship between free and bound states.

Molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

A carbon atom bonded to four different groups, leading to enantiomer formation.

The ability of a drug to inhibit the serotonin transporter, affecting serotonin reuptake.

A measure of how strongly a drug binds to its target receptor.

The amount of drug needed to produce a desired effect at a target receptor.

Six identified subtypes of receptors that respond to catecholamines, like epinephrine.

Three identified subtypes of receptors primarily involved in cardiovascular responses.

The amount of drug present affects its selectivity and potential side effects.

The concentration of an agonist that produces half-maximal response.

Dissociation constant indicating receptor affinity; lower KD means higher affinity.

The ability of an agonist to produce a response when binding to a receptor.

An agonist that produces the maximum biological response possible.

An agonist that activates a receptor but with less efficacy than a full agonist.

A ligand that stabilizes a receptor in an inactive form, reducing signaling.

Substance that binds to the same site as the agonist but does not activate the receptor.

Binds to a different site and changes the receptor's shape to prevent agonist binding.

Receptors that are not occupied by agonists but can contribute to efficacy.

An agonist that preferentially activates certain signaling pathways over others.