Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the shape of the ethene molecule?
What is the shape of the ethene molecule?
Trigonal planar
What is the molecular geometry of ammonia?
What is the molecular geometry of ammonia?
Trigonal pyramidal
What is the bond angle in water molecule?
What is the bond angle in water molecule?
109.5°
In which molecule are the p orbitals at 90° to each other?
In which molecule are the p orbitals at 90° to each other?
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How many sp3 hybrid orbitals are there in an atom?
How many sp3 hybrid orbitals are there in an atom?
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What happens when an electron is promoted to a higher subshell?
What happens when an electron is promoted to a higher subshell?
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How many unpaired electrons does a carbon atom have after forming four covalent bonds?
How many unpaired electrons does a carbon atom have after forming four covalent bonds?
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What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with octahedral geometry?
What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with octahedral geometry?
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Which molecular geometry has all bond angles at 120°?
Which molecular geometry has all bond angles at 120°?
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What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with linear geometry?
What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with linear geometry?
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Study Notes
Molecular Shape and Hybridization
- In BF3, the electron pairs are placed in a plane, forming a triangle, to minimize electron pair repulsion.
- BF3 has three shared electron pairs around the central atom, resulting in a trigonal planar structure with a 120° bond angle.
- Compounds with central atoms in the same group of the periodic table have similar geometry, such as AlH3, which is also trigonal planar.
sp2 Hybridization
- Mixing two p orbitals and one s orbital in the same plane produces three sp2 orbitals pointing towards the corners of an equilateral triangle.
- This leaves one p orbital, containing one electron, perpendicular to the plane.
Molecular Geometry
- Trigonal planar molecular geometry has three atoms bonded to the central atom, with a bond angle of 120°.
- Tetrahedral molecular geometry has four atoms bonded to the central atom, with a bond angle of 109.5°.
- Trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry has three atoms bonded to the central atom, with a bond angle of <120°.
- Linear molecular geometry has two atoms bonded to the central atom, with a bond angle of 180°.
Hybridization and Bonding
- sp3 hybridization results in four degenerate hybrid orbitals, with a bond angle of 109.5°.
- sp2 hybridization results in three degenerate hybrid orbitals, with a bond angle of 120°.
- sp hybridization results in two degenerate hybrid orbitals, with a bond angle of 180°.
- The Lewis structure of ethene is trigonal planar, with a planar overall shape.
Molecular Examples
- Ammonia (NH3) is an example of trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry, due to the sp3 hybridization of the nitrogen atom.
- Water (H2O) is an example of bent molecular geometry, due to the sp3 hybridization of the oxygen atom and the bonding of only two atoms to the oxygen.
- Methane (CH4) is an example of tetrahedral molecular geometry, due to the sp3 hybridization of the carbon atom.
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Description
Explore the concept of trigonal planar molecular geometry where electron pairs are arranged in a plane, forming a triangle to minimize repulsion. Learn about molecules like BF3 which have six electrons around the central atom, B, and are exceptions to the octet rule.
