Molecular Genetics and Protein Synthesis

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What is the main function of coding DNA?

It provides structural integrity to the DNA.

It codes for proteins and RNA. (correct)

It regulates gene expression.

It codes for non-coding RNA.

What is the purpose of promoter regions in non-coding DNA?

They form introns within genes.

They code for proteins.

They inhibit transcription.

They signal the location of genes. (correct)

What role do introns play in genetic code?

They initiate the transcription process.

They code for amino acids directly.

They are involved in the formation of codons.

They separate different coding sections within genes. (correct)

How many codons are there in the genetic code?

64 Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the relationship between codons and amino acids is accurate?

An amino acid can have multiple corresponding codons. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs immediately after the polypeptide is released from the mRNA?

The polypeptide undergoes spontaneous folding. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to mRNA after the completion of the polypeptide synthesis?

It breaks down after a certain period. Signup and view all the answers

What role do chaperone proteins play in protein synthesis?

They assist in the folding of the polypeptide. Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when multiple ribosomes attach to a single mRNA molecule?

A polyribosome. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the average time taken to construct a protein is accurate?

It takes less than a minute. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the guanine cap in mRNA synthesis?

It aids in the identification and attachment of mRNA to the ribosome. Signup and view all the answers

During elongation in translation, what occurs after a tRNA molecule binds to the exposed codon?

A peptide bond forms between amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the termination stage of translation?

The polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of splicing in mRNA synthesis?

Exons are joined together after introns are removed. Signup and view all the answers

In the translocation step of translation, what primarily happens?

The ribosome moves along the mRNA to the next codon. Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential outcomes of mutations in DNA?

They can lead to complete or partial malfunctioning of proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation specifically refers to changes in a single nucleotide base?

Point mutations Signup and view all the answers

What is a frameshift mutation?

A mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide base. Signup and view all the answers

What effect can a substitution mutation have on a protein?

It can lead to the incorporation of a different amino acid into the protein. Signup and view all the answers

During which process do gene mutations primarily occur?

Replication Signup and view all the answers

What role does ribosomal RNA (rRNA) play in protein synthesis?

It acts as an enzymatic regulator in chemical reactions. Signup and view all the answers

Where does transcription take place in a eukaryotic cell?

In the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of RNA polymerase during transcription?

To unwind the DNA and synthesize mRNA Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the binding of RNA polymerase to a gene?

Transcription factors binding to the promoter region Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely reason for mRNA encountering termination triplets?

To signal the end of the gene Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many protein-coding genes are found in human DNA?

23,688 genes Signup and view all the answers

How quickly does mRNA get transcribed according to the information provided?

At a rate of 60 nucleotides per second Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the promoter region in transcription?

To initiate the binding of RNA polymerase Signup and view all the answers

What process can lead to mutations due to errors made during DNA synthesis?

Replication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of mutations in DNA?

Acids Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation results in the addition or removal of nucleotides that alters the reading frame?

Frameshift Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples illustrates a deletion mutation?

G X T A C G $ ightarrow$ G G G G G C A G Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation involves the replacement of one nucleotide with another?

Substitution Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of exons in a gene?

To code for proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the promoter region in gene transcription?

To bind RNA polymerase for transcription initiation Signup and view all the answers

How do introns differ from exons in a gene?

Introns interrupt the coding sequence and are typically non-coding Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA is primarily responsible for carrying the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome?

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

To bring amino acids to the ribosome Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the structure of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

It makes up the complete structure of ribosomes combined with proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Gene Structure is correct?

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains instructions for protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates RNA from DNA?

RNA has ribose sugar while DNA has deoxyribose sugar Signup and view all the answers