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Questions and Answers
What is the flow of information in the central dogma of molecular biology?
What is the flow of information in the central dogma of molecular biology?
In eukaryotic cells, what happens to pre-mRNA after transcription?
In eukaryotic cells, what happens to pre-mRNA after transcription?
What is the role of RNA polymerase during transcription?
What is the role of RNA polymerase during transcription?
Which of the following statements about codons is true?
Which of the following statements about codons is true?
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What base in RNA replaces thymine found in DNA?
What base in RNA replaces thymine found in DNA?
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During translation, what do ribosomes synthesize using mRNA?
During translation, what do ribosomes synthesize using mRNA?
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Which process occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells?
Which process occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells?
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What is the primary function of mRNA?
What is the primary function of mRNA?
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What is the purpose of mRNA splicing in eukaryotic cells?
What is the purpose of mRNA splicing in eukaryotic cells?
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What are the sequences that are retained in finished mRNAs called?
What are the sequences that are retained in finished mRNAs called?
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What creates variations in the mRNA produced from a pre-mRNA transcript?
What creates variations in the mRNA produced from a pre-mRNA transcript?
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Which components are involved in the process of mRNA splicing?
Which components are involved in the process of mRNA splicing?
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What is the significance of introns in eukaryotic pre-mRNA?
What is the significance of introns in eukaryotic pre-mRNA?
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Why is transcription necessary for protein synthesis?
Why is transcription necessary for protein synthesis?
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Which of the following statements about exons is true?
Which of the following statements about exons is true?
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How many introns can be present in a pre-mRNA transcript?
How many introns can be present in a pre-mRNA transcript?
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What is the role of AUG in mRNA translation?
What is the role of AUG in mRNA translation?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the genetic code?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the genetic code?
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What is a transcription unit?
What is a transcription unit?
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How does RNA polymerase synthesize RNA?
How does RNA polymerase synthesize RNA?
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Which of these components is essential for the initiation of transcription?
Which of these components is essential for the initiation of transcription?
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What happens during transcription termination?
What happens during transcription termination?
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Which characteristic of the genetic code contributes to its degeneracy?
Which characteristic of the genetic code contributes to its degeneracy?
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Why is the genetic code described as commaless?
Why is the genetic code described as commaless?
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Which statement is true about the transcription process?
Which statement is true about the transcription process?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the parts of a gene?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the parts of a gene?
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Study Notes
The Genetic Code
- Francis Crick coined the term "central dogma" to describe the flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein.
- Transcription is the process of copying information encoded in a DNA template strand into a complementary RNA strand.
- Translation uses the information in the RNA copy to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide.
Overview: Transcription and Translation
- Transcription: RNA polymerase copies the DNA sequence of a gene into an RNA sequence.
- Translation: mRNA associates with a ribosome, where amino acids specified by the mRNA are joined together to form a polypeptide.
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Eukaryotic transcription takes place in the nucleus and produces a precursor-mRNA (pre-mRNA).
- Pre-mRNA undergoes modifications and has extra segments removed by RNA processing.
- Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and produces a functional mRNA directly.
DNA and RNA
- RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) in its nucleotide sequence.
- The sequence of RNA nucleotides in mRNA is translated into a polypeptide containing 20 different types of amino acids.
Genetic Code
- Each three-letter "word" (triplet) of the code is called a codon.
- Three-letter codons in DNA are transcribed into complementary three-letter RNA codons.
Start and Stop Codons
- There are 64 different three-letter combinations possible from four mRNA nucleotides (43).
- 61 sense codons specify amino acids, while three are stop codons.
- AUG (methionine) is the start codon.
- UAA, UAG, and UGA are stop codons that do not code for amino acids and stop polypeptide synthesis.
Features of the Genetic Code
- Two amino acids, methionine and tryptophan, are specified by a single codon. The rest have multiple codons (degeneracy).
- The genetic code is commaless, meaning there are no markers to indicate the end of one codon and the beginning of the next.
- The genetic code is universal, meaning it is essentially the same in all living organisms and viruses.
Eukaryotic Transcription
- A gene consists of a promoter (control sequence for transcription) and a transcription unit (the section of the gene copied into an RNA molecule).
- Transcription occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.
Transcription Initiation
- Initiation involves the assembly of molecular machinery at the promoter, including:
- Transcription factors (TFs) that bind to the promoter in the TATA box.
- RNA polymerase, which catalyzes the assembly of RNA nucleotides into an RNA strand.
- DNA unwinds to expose the template strand, and RNA polymerase II begins RNA synthesis.
Transcription Elongation and Termination
- Elongation: RNA polymerase II moves along the gene, extending the RNA chain as DNA unwinds ahead of it.
- Termination: the RNA transcript and RNA polymerase II are released from the DNA template when a stop codon is reached.
Differences in Replication and Transcription
- Only one DNA strand acts as a template for RNA synthesis.
- Only the coding sequence of a single gene is copied.
- RNA polymerase catalyzes the assembly of RNA nucleotides without needing a primer.
RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
- mRNAs contain both coding and noncoding regions, which are important in protein synthesis.
- Eukaryotic protein-coding genes are transcribed into pre-mRNA, which undergoes processing in the nucleus to produce translatable mRNA.
Introns and Exons
- Introns are non-protein-coding sequences removed during processing.
- Exons are amino acid-coding sequences retained in the finished mRNA.
mRNA Splicing
- mRNA splicing occurs in the spliceosome, formed between pre-mRNA and small ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs), where introns are removed from pre-mRNAs and exons are joined together.
Alternative Splicing
- Pre-mRNAs can be spliced in different combinations to produce different mRNAs from a single gene, increasing the number and variety of proteins.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental processes of transcription and translation, as well as the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mechanisms. Test your understanding of how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and ultimately to proteins. Delve into the roles of RNA polymerase, ribosomes, and pre-mRNA processing.